阅读理解：Ever since the Industrial Revolution
2010-07-12 08:48阅读：
本题是2010年下半年学位英语教材第11单元的课后阅读理解2。
本题是2009年下半年学位英语教材第11单元的课后阅读理解2。
本题是2010年上半年学位英语教材第11单元的课后阅读理解2。
2010年下半年学位英语考试原题。
Ever since the
Industrial Revolution
brought workers
from small
shops into
factories, supervision
have been
required. Only
during the
last hundred
years, however,
has industrial
management grown into
a highly
organized set
of modern
methods for
achieving efficiency.
Thus, management
is a
new human
history, and
it has
already become
vitally important
for the
success of
all kinds
of businesses
and of
national economies.
Efficiency means getting
results with
the least
possible waste
of time,
effort, and
money. Therefore,
efficiency is
the aim
of all
management, both
puplic and
private. In
private business,
efficiency can
be measured
by profit,
the surplus
of income
over expenditures.
The manager’s a
job, then,
is to
get people
to do
things efficiently.
The top
manager manages
other managers,
chooses and
trains them,
plans their
operations, and
checks the
results. All
managers have
practical complex
problems, but
they utilize
methods based
on a
growing body
of knowledge.
Shop managers
carry out
time and
motion studies
to improve
workers’ efficiency,
and foremen
give on-the-job
training to
workers. Industrial
managers employ
specialists to
keep machines
working properly
and to
ensure the
supply of
spare parts.
The flow
of work
is supervised
to avoid
any unplanned
idleness of
workers of
equipment. Each
step in
manufacturing is
planned in
detail, and
the cost
of each
step is
carefully calculated.
Supervisors consult
experts regularly
in order
to master
new techniques.
Personnel managers
have learned
to obtain
greater efficiency
from workers
by providing
rest periods
and by
improving morale
through better
heating, lighting,
safety devices,
cafeterias, and
recreation facilities
– even
when these
have not
been demanded
by labor
unions. The
use of
modern electronic
devices had
led to
increasing automation,
in which
many automatic
machines function
without any
need for
human labor.
Scientific management
methods have
spread to
all branches
of industry
– not
only manufacturing,
but also
accounting, finance,
marketing, and
other office
work. There
are planning
systems, organization
systems and
control systems.
Within these
there are
other systems
for delegation
of authority,
budgeting, information
feedback for
control, and
so on.
The essence
of all
the functions
of management
is coordination,
the harmonious
combination of
all individual
efforts for
the achievement
of the
objectives of
the enterprise.
1. From the
first paragraph,
we know
that
.
A. industrial management
depends on
the success
of all
kinds of
businesses and
of
national economies
B. industrial management
is indispensable
to the
successes of
all kinds
of businesses
and of national
economies
