6、明抑暗扬的understatement (低调陈述)(英语修辞系列之十一)
2007-10-13 16:44阅读:898
先看《大学英语·精读》第四册七单元课文中有这样一句话:
We are none of us getting any younger.
我们都不年轻啦。
这个句子通过对younger 的否定来表示对该词的反义词older的肯定,其本意是:We are both of us getting
much old. 这是英语中常见的一种修辞方法,称之为understatement(低调陈述)。
Understatement 的意思是: a statement that is not strong enough to
express facts or feelings with full force(语气不够强,不足以表达事实或感情的陈述)。A
Dictionary of Literary Terms所给的解释是:A figure of speech which
contains an understatement of emphasis, and therefore the opposite
of hyperbole. Often used in everyday speech and usually with
laconic or ironic
intentions.也就是说,这种修辞格是故意使用有节制的措辞来陈述事实,故意轻描淡写,借低调与弱化语言形式来表示强调。它是与hyperbole(夸张)相对的一种修辞格。hyperbole是故意夸大其辞,化小为大,是deliberately
maximize the importance和 play
up;而Understatement则故意采取“低调”,化大为小,是deliberately minimize the
importance和 play down。
一般
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说来,英语Understatement并无固定的格式,通常可以通过词汇和语法手段来体现。
1、用词汇手段来体现
Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how
much it altered her person for the worse.
(Johathan Swift)
上星期我看见一个女人被剥了皮,而你几乎不会相信这把她的身体改变得多么更不好了。
作者用altered一词,轻描淡写地陈述了剥女人皮这一毛骨悚然的事件。
…there was a loud cry from a number of voices, and the horses
reared and plunged.
But for the latter inconvenience, the carriage probably
would not have stopped; carriages were often known to drive on, and
leave their wounded behind, and why not?
(Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two
Cities)
……从许多声音之中发出一种绝叫,马提起前腿跳了一下。
单是为了这点不方便,马车是不会停止的;照例,可以照常驰骋,把受伤者弃置在后面,为什么不可以呢?……
马车停下来竟不是因为撞死了人,而是因为马受了惊这点不便,作者用But for the latter
inconvenience这一短语,虽是轻描淡写,反而有力地揭露了当时封建贵族横行霸道、视黎民为草芥的丑恶本质。
Those of us are quitting are the impatient ones who lack the
imagination to believe that the bright dream will glow
again.
(Caskie Stinnett: Farewell, My Unlovely)
我们这些里(纽约)而去者没有耐性,缺乏想象力,不相信往日的辉煌之梦还会重放异彩。
此句中的lack the imagination实际上是do not (believe that…).
2、用语法手段来体现
No one was more willing to do a favour for friend
neighbour than he.
他最愿意帮朋友或邻居的忙。
此例是用比较结构表达understatement。
I know he is honest, and I wish I could add he were
capable.
我知道他是诚实的,我还希望我能说他是能干的。
此句也是用虚拟语气来体现understatement,I could add he were
capable其实是在说“但他不够能干”。
“Don’t you figure out that I might have had something to do with
it?” said Soapy, not without sarcasm, but friendly, as one
greets good fortune.
(O. Henry: The Cop and the Anthem)
“难道你看不出我可能跟这事有关吗?”苏比说,口气不是没有讥讽,但态度却友好,仿佛一个要交好运的人。
此例是以双重否定体现understatement,not without sarcasm就是with
sarcasm(语带讥讽)。
简而言之,Understatement(低调陈述)的要点,就是轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。然而要达到这样的“轻描淡写”的修辞效果并非易事。要在表现手法上下功夫。根据笔者的归纳,understatement常用的表现方法有以下几种:
1、用反说代替正说 所谓“反说”,即从另一角度来衡量一件事物,比如用 not bad来表达very good
的意思。用反说代替正说,可以减轻说话者的语气和对事物的评价,避免绝对化。这种方法是用否定词(词缀)加上与本意相反的词。如,It is
good是一个 statement,它的 understatement由 not加 good的反义词 bad构成: It is not
bad。类例:
The face wasn’t a bad one; it had what they called
charm.
(John Galsworthy)
面孔不算难看,有一般人所称的妩媚。
此句不是冲淡她的魅力,而是采用低调渲染,意即The face was sweet; her charm conquered
everybody. 明似贬抑,实则褒扬。
If Saddam Hussein goes out of power, no tear is to be
shed.
如果萨达姆·侯赛因下台,我们不会为之落泪。
直言是希望他下台,但用外交辞令,就得低调处理,于是说不会流泪,不会痛悼。这就是用understatement修辞方法表示否定的态度。
It was no small feat to harness the energies of an entire
nation for a united show of hospitality and good will for visitors
from around the world.
(Kyuk-Ho Shin: Time, June 24, 1999)
把整个国家的能量调动起来,对来自世界各地的访问者表现出一致的好客和友好,这不是小事情。
No small实际是否定之否定,表示肯定,说明这可是一件“了不起的大事”。
A final agreement to set up trade offices with consular functions
came after high-profile maneuvering by Seoul at last month’s Asian
Games in Beijing. A generous Korean contribution to the cash-short
event didn’t hurt. Now analysts expect last year’s
$3.1billion in indirect two-way trade to leap quickly to a
$5-billion-a year clip.
(Gerson Yalowitz)
上个月在北京亚运会上,汉城机动灵活,姿态很高,对现金短缺的竞赛慷慨解囊。北京方面认为接受这笔赞助款项也无伤脾胃。随后达成了最后协议,双方建立贸易代办处,附带领事馆职能。现在分析家预期去年双方间接贸易的实绩31亿美元将高速跃进到50亿美元一年。
这笔捐款,金额不会太小,因为是a generous contribution; 另一方面体育盛会又是外汇短缺cash-short,
所以,按理推论,汉城的赞助是受到欢迎的。但是,由于政治上、外交上的考虑,可能不宜表示过分赞赏。所以用了(The)Korean
contribution…didn’t hurt,
接受了也无伤脾胃。遣词造句服从于一个目的:淡化这层关系。前文是汉城方面的高姿态,下文是北京方面的低姿态,低调陈述,形成戏剧性的对照。