综英大三下第六单元
2017-06-15 22:05阅读：
第六单元
Society,being codified
by man,decrees that woman is inferior:she can do away
with this inferiority only by destroying the male’s superiority.She sets
about
mutilating,dominating
man,she contradicts him,she denies his truth and his
values.But in doing this she is only defending herself;it was
neither a changeless essence nor a mistaken choice that
doomed her to
immanence,to inferiority.They were
imposed upon her.All oppression
creates a state of war.And this is no exception.The existent
who is regarded as inessential cannot fail to demand the
re-establishment of her
sovereignty.
社会根据男人制定的法典宣判女人是
低人一等的，所以她只有摧毁男性的优越地位才能消除这种劣等性。于是她去攻击使她不健全的、对她进行支配的男人，她和他大唱对台戏，她拒绝接受他的真理和价值。但她这样做仅仅是为了自卫；使她注定是内在的、低人一等的，既不是固定不变的本质，也不是错误的选择。它们是硬加在她身上的。被看做次要者的生存者，不能不要求重树她的主权地位。
Today the combat takes a
different shape;instead of wishing to put man in a prison,woman
endeavours to escape from one;she no longer seeks to drag him into
the realms of immanence but
to emerge,herself,into the light
of transcendence.Now the attitude of the males creates a new
conflict:it is with a bad grace that the man lets her go.He is very
well pleased to remain the sovereign subject,the absolute
superior,the essential being;he refuses to accept his companion as
an equal in any concrete way.She replies to his lack of confidence
in her by assuming an aggressive attitude.It is no longer a
question of a war between individuals each shut up in his or her
sphere:a caste claiming its rights attacks and is resisted by the
privileged caste.Here two
transcendences are face to face;instead of displaying mutual
recognition,each free being wishes to dominate the
other.
今天，这种斗争采取了另一种形式；女人不是希望把男人囚禁起来，而是努力逃避他。她不想再把他拖入内在性王国，而是她自己显露出超越性。然而男性的态度却制造了新的冲突：男人不愿意把她松开。他非常乐意仍去做一个主权的主体，绝对的优越者，主要者；他拒绝承认他的伙伴在任何具体方面是一个和他平等的人。她则以进攻的态度来回答他的不信任。这不再是一个各自在各自范围里的两个人之间的战争问题：要求自身权利的等级从战壕里跳出来，有特权的等级则在进行抵抗。在这里，两种超越在面对面的斗争；自由的每一方都不想承认对方，并都想支配对方。
This difference of attitude is
manifest on the sexual plane as on the
spiritual plane.The‘feminine’woman in making herself prey tries to reduce man,also,to
her carnal passivity;she
occupies herself in catching him in her trap,in
enchaining
him by means of
the desire she arouses in him in submissively making
herself a thing.The emancipated
woman,on the contrary,wants to be active,a taker,and refuses
the passivity man means to impose on her.
这另一种态度不但表现在精神方面，也表现在性方面。“女性化的”女人在把自己变成猎物的同时，也想用自己的肉体被动性去降服男人；她在顺从地变成猎物的同时，也在忙于激起他的欲望，以此为手段将他捕入罗网，把他给束缚住。相反，解放型的女人却想成为主动者和占有者，她拒绝接受男人想硬塞给她的被动性。
The quarrel will go on as long as men and women fail to
recognise each other as equals;that is to say,as long as femininity
is perpetuated as such.Which sex
is the more eager to maintain it?Woman,who is being emancipated
from it,wishes none the less
to retain its privileges;and man,in that case,wants
her to assume its limitations.‘It is easier to accuse one sex than to excuse the
other,’says
Montaigne.It is vain to apportion
praise and blame.The truth is that if the vicious circle is
so hard to break,it is because the two sexes are each the victim at
once of the other and of itself.Between two
adversaries confronting each other in
their pure liberty,an agreement could be easily reached:the more so
as the war profits neither.But the complexity of the whole affair
derives from the fact that each camp is giving aid and comfort to
the enemy;woman is pursuing a dream of submission,man a dream of
identification.Want of authenticity
does not pay:each blames the other for the unhappiness he or
she has incurred in
yielding to
the temptations of the easy way;what man and woman
loathe in each other is the shattering
frustration of each one’s own bad faith and
baseness.
只要男女彼此不承认对方是同等的人，也就是说，只要女性气质照这样一直存在，这种不和就会继续下去。哪个性别会更渴望维持女性气质呢？女人虽然正在从这种气质得到解放，但依旧希望保持它所带来的特权；如果那样，男人会希望她会对它加以限制。“谴责一个性别比原谅一个性别要容易，”蒙田说。赞美和谴责都是徒劳的。实际上，如果说这种恶性循环十分难以打破，那是因为两性的每一方都是对方的牺牲品，同时又都是自身的牺牲品。在两个以完全自由面目出现的互相对抗的敌手之间，可以很容易达成协议：如果战争对双方都无益，则更是如此。但是，整个恋爱事件的复杂性来自于这一事实，即每一方都在为对方提供帮助和舒适；女人在追求屈从的梦想，男人则在追求认同的梦想。贫乏的真实性没有得到补偿：每一方都在屈从于舒适诱惑的同时，指责对方引起了不幸；男女彼此都讨厌对方使自己的不真诚和卑鄙遭受到了毁灭性的失败。
We have seen why men enslaved
women in the first place;the
devaluation of
femininity has been a necessary step in
human evolution,but it might have led to
collaboration
between the two sexes;oppression is to be
explained by the tendency of the existent to flee from himself by
means of identification with the other,whom he oppresses to that
end.In each individual man that tendency exists today;and the vast
majority yield to it.The husband wants to find himself in his
wife,the lover in his mistress,in the form of a stone image;he is
seeking in her the myth of his
virility,of his sovereignty,of his
immediate reality.But he is himself the slave of his double:what an
effort to build up an image in which he is always in danger!In
spite of everything his success in this depends upon the
capricious freedom of women:he must
constantly try to keep this propitious
to him.Man is concerned with the effort to appear
male,important,superior;he pretends so as to get pretence in
return;he,too,is aggressive,uneasy;he feels
hostility for women because he is afraid
of them,he is afraid of them because he is afraid of the
personage,the image,with which he identifies himself.What time and
strength he squanders in
liquidating,sublimating,transferring
complexes,in talking about women,in
seducing them,in fearing them!He would
be liberated himself in their
liberation.But this is precisely what he dreads.And so he
obstinately persists in the
mystifications intended to keep woman in
her chains.
我们首先已经看到了男人为什么会对女人进行奴役；女性贬值是人类进化的必要一步，但它也可以导致两性间的合作；所谓的压迫应当解释成生存者通过认同于他人（他因此压迫他人），来逃避自我的倾向。在每一个作为个体的男人身上，今天都有这种倾向；而且大多数人还屈服于这一倾向。丈夫想通过妻子，情人想通过情妇，发现自己具有永久不变的偶像形式；他要用她去寻找他的男性气质、他的主权地位、他的即刻实现的神话。但他本人也是他的双我的奴隶：要树立使他充满危险的形象是多么费力啊！尽管他在所有方面都是成功的，这一形象也仍要取决于女人反复无常的自由：他必须时刻注意让这一形象有利于自己。男人念念不忘让自己显得像个男性，显得重要和优越；他是如此做作，以至于得到了做作的回报；他也是有攻击性的、不安的；他之所以对女人怀有敌意，是因为他害怕她们；他之所以害怕她们，是因为他害怕他自己所认同于的那个人、那个形象。在消除、升华和转移种种情结时，在谈论女人时，在诱惑她们时，在害怕她们时，他花费了多少时间和精力啊！他想在解放她们的同时让自己得到解放，但这又正是他所恐惧的。所以他顽固地坚持那种神秘物，以便把女人继续束缚在锁链中。
That she is being tricked,many men have realized.‘What a
misfortune to be a woman!And yet the misfortune,when one is a
woman,is at bottom not to comprehend that it is one,’says
Kierkegaard.For a long time there have been efforts to
disguise this misfortune.For
example,guardianship has been done away
with:women have been given‘protectors’,and if they
are invested with the rights of the old-time guardians,it is in
woman’s own interest.To forbid her working,to keep her at home,is
to defend her against herself and to assure her happiness.We have
seen what poetic veils are thrown over her
monotonous burdens of housekeeping
and maternity:in exchange for her
liberty she has received the false treasures of
her‘femininity’.Balzac illustrates this
manoeuvre very well in
counselling man to treat her as a
slave while persuading her that she is a queen.Less
cynical,many men try to convince
themselves that she is really privileged.There are American
sociologists who seriously teach today the theory of‘low-class gain’,that is to say,the benefits
enjoyed by the lower orders.In France,also,it has often been
proclaimed–although in a less scientific manner–that the workers are very
fortunate in not being obliged to‘keep up
appearances’.Like the carefree wretches
gaily scratching at their vermin,like the merry
Negroes laughing under the lash,and those joyous Tunisian Arabs
burying their starved children with a smile,woman enjoys that
incomparable privilege:irresponsibility.Free from troublesome
burdens and cares,she obviously has‘the better part’.But it is disturbing that with
an obstinate
perversity–connected no doubt with original sin–down through the centuries and in
all countries,the people who have the better part are always crying
to their
benefactors:‘It is too much!I will be
satisfied with yours!’But the munificent
capitalists,the generous colonists,the superb males,stick to
their guns:‘Keep the
better part,hold on to it!’
许多男人已经意识到她在受骗。“做女人是多么不幸啊！然而，当一个人身为女人时，其不幸还在于她实际上并没有认识到这就是一种不幸，”克尔恺郭尔说。长期以来人们一直在努力掩饰这种不幸。例如，监护制度虽然早已废除了，女人却一直有着“保护人”，如果他们被赋予旧时监护人的权利，这是为了女人本人的利益。不准她参加工作，让她呆在家里，这是为了让她免受她自己的伤害，并为了确保她的幸福。我们已经看到，人们是把多么美妙的面纱抛到了她那单调乏味的家务和母性负担上面的：她用她的自由换来了“女性化”这笔虚假财富。巴尔扎克十分生动地描述了这种诡计，他劝告男人要把她当做奴隶对待，同时又让她相信她是王后。许多男人并不那么玩世不恭，他们想承认她确实有特权。美国的有些社会学家今天在传授“下层阶级利益”理论。法国也经常有人宣称工人很幸运（虽然不那么科学），因为他们没有必要去“保持仪容”，乞丐则更幸运，因为他们可以衣衫褴褛地睡在人行道上，所享受的快乐是德·博蒙伯爵和温德尔家族万万享受不到的。和快活地抓着身上跳蚤的无所顾忌的穷人一样，和挨鞭子抽时仍在笑的可怜黑人一样，和埋藏自己的饿死的孩子时仍面带笑容的乐天的突尼斯阿拉伯人一样，女人也有那种无法比拟的特权，即没有责任感。她虽然摆脱了讨厌的负担和操劳的束缚，不过仍具有“那好的一面”。但令人不安的是，由于延续了几个世纪并在所有国家都存在的一种顽固变态（它无疑和原罪有关），那些有好的一面的人们始终在向他们的保护人求援：“我受不了了！你给点东西让我吃饱吧！”但是，慷慨的资本家，宽厚的殖民者，超等的男性却在手里紧握着他们的枪：“继续保持好的一面，把它坚持下去！”
It must be admitted that the males find in woman more
complicity than the oppressor usually
finds in the oppressed.And in bad faith they take
authorisation from this to declare
that she has desired the destiny they have imposed on her.We have
seen that all the main features of her training combine to
bar her from the roads of
revolt and adventure.Society in
general–beginning with
her respected parents–lies to her by praising the
lofty values of love,devotion,the gift of
herself,and then concealing from her the fact that neither lover
nor husband nor yet her children will be
inclined to accept the
burdensome charge of all that.She
cheerfully believes these lies because they invite her to follow
the easy slope:in this others commit their worst crime against
her;throughout her life from childhood on,they damage and corrupt
her by designating as her true
vocation this submission,which is the temptation of every existent
in the anxiety of liberty.If a child is taught
idleness by being amused all day long and
never being led to study,or shown its usefulness,it will hardly be
said,when he grows up,that he chose to be incapable and
ignorant;yet this is how woman is brought up,without ever being
impressed with the necessity of taking charge of her own
existence.So she readily lets
herself come to count on
the protection,love,assistance,and
supervision of others,she lets herself be
fascinated with the hope of self-realisation without doing
anything.She does wrong in yielding to the temptation;but man is in
no position to blame her,since he has led her into the
temptation.When conflict arises between them,each will hold the
other responsible for the situation;she will reproach him with
having made her what she is:‘No one taught me to reason or to earn my own
living’;he will
reproach her with having accepted the
consequences:‘You don’t know anything you are an incompetent,’and so on.Each sex thinks it can
justify itself by taking the offensive;but the wrongs done by one
do not make the other innocent.
必须承认，男性更多地是把女人看做同谋，这和压迫者对被压迫者的通常看法不一样。他们由此得到授权，虚伪地宣称，她一直在渴望得到他们所硬加给她的命运。我们已经看到，她受的教育的所有主要特征，都联合起来阻止她走上反抗和冒险的道路。社会通常（从受她尊重的父母开始）虚伪地向她赞美爱情、献身、自我奉献的崇高价值，进而向她隐瞒了这一事实，即无论是情人或丈夫，还是她的孩子，都不愿意接受这一切沉重负担。她之所以愿意乐于相信这些谎言，是因为它们在诱使她走容易走的下坡路：在这方面其他人对她犯下了最严重的罪行；在她从小到现在的整个一生中，他们都把这种服从当做她的真正使命（这对每一个对自由感到焦虑的生存者都是很诱人的），以此去损害她，收买她。如果一个孩子从小就被教得懒惰，整天寻欢作乐，不去学习，也不去证明自己是有用的，那么长大以后，很难说是他自己愿意无能和无知的；可是女人就是这么被教育大的，她从来没有对必须为自己的生存负责留下什么深刻印象。所以，她很容易让自己去依靠他人的保护、爱情、帮助和监督，很容易让自己迷恋于自我实现的希望而不去做任何事情。她在屈服于这种诱惑时犯了错误，但是男人不配去指责她，因为是他让她受到了诱惑。当他们产生冲突时，每一方都会让对方为这种处境负责；她会指责他，是他让她变成了这个样子：“没有人教我去推理和自谋生计”；他则会指责她，她已接受了这种后果：“你什么也不懂，你是个无能的人”等等。每一个性别都认为它能够通过采取这种攻势来为自己辩护；但是，一方所犯的错误不能成为为对方的罪责进行开脱的理由。
