英汉对照中药学读书笔记-第一章中药性能
2021-04-01 01:29阅读：
第一章
中药的性能
Properties and Actions of Chinese Medicinal
Herbs
总论：General
Introduction
致病因素 Pathologic factors
阴阳失调
Imbalance between yin and yang
邪正消长 mutual growth
and reduction between pathogenic factors and healthy
qi.
脏腑功能失常 the disorders of zang and
fu organs
病理现象
pathologic phenomena
中药的药性理论主要有四气五味、升降浮沉、归经及毒性等
The theories of properties of Chinese Medicinal Herbs are
mainly summarized as the four natures and five flavors, floating
and sinking, meridian tropism and toxicity, etc.
第一节
四气五味
Four Natures and Five Flavors
四气五味，又称气味，也就是药物的性味
Four natures and five flavors are also known as the
properties and the taste of Chinese medicinal
herbs.
1.
四气 Four
Natures :
指药物的温热寒凉四种药性
Four properties of Chinese medicinal herbs are also called
four natures or four Xing in TCM.
寒凉之性的药物有清热、泻火、解毒等作用
Chinese medicinal herbs with cold-cool nature can clear
away heat, purge fire and eliminate toxic
materials
热性病症 heat
syndrome
寒性病症 cold syndrome
温热之性的药物有散寒助阳的作用,
主要适用于寒性病症
Chinese medicinal herbs with warm-hot nature have the
actions of expelling cold and restoring yang, which are mainly used
for cold-syndrome
高热、烦躁、口渴，大汗
High fever, dysphoria, thirst and profuse
perspiration
恶寒肢冷 Aversion to cold and cold
limbs
胃脘冷痛 cold and painful sensation in gastric
region
寒像： The manifestations of cold
-syndrome
药物治病就是利用药物的寒热之性来纠正疾病属热、属寒的病理改变
Treating diseases with Chinese medicinal herbs is to make
use of their cold or hot nature to correct the phenomena of
overabundance of heat or cold in the body to restore them as much
as possible to the normal state.
治疗疾病必须在辩证的基础上，辨清疾病的属热、属寒和掌握药物寒热属性，有选择的应用相应的药物，才能收到预期效果。
On the base of Syndrome differentiation, you must
distinguish heat or cold nature of the disease, and have a good
understanding of heat or cold property of the Chinese medicinal
herbs and then selectively apply corresponding medicinal herbs so
that you can achieve the desired result.
干姜是热性药，因此用于治疗寒性泄泻
Ganjiang is hot in nature, therefore, used to treat
diarrhea of cold type.
2. 五味
Five Flavors
五味是指药物辛、甘、酸、苦、咸五种不同的滋味。
The five flavors of Chinese medicinal herbs refer to the
five different tastes, pungent, sweet, sour, bitter and salty,
which can be tasted by the tongue.
味相同的药物，他们的作用大多相近；而味不同的药物，所表现出的治疗作用也不同。
The Chinese medicinal herbs with the same flavor mostly
possess similar actions while the medicinal herbs with different
flavors show different actions in the treatment.
辛：具有发散、行气，行血作用。
Pungent: Pungent is a flavor of medicinal herbs that has
an action of dispersing and promoting circulation of Qi and
blood
外感表证
Exterior syndromes due to invasion of exogenous
factors
气血郁滞证
Syndromes of stagnation of qi and
blood.
解表 Induce sweating to expel the exogenous pathogenic
factors from the exterior
发汗解表
甘：具有滋补、缓和、润燥作用。
Sweet: Sweet flavor has the nourishing,
harmonizing and moistening actions.
虚证 deficiency
syndromes
脾胃不和 Incoordination between spleen and
stomach.
肠燥便秘 constipation due to
intestine-heat
肺燥咳嗽 cough due to the lung
heat.
缓急止痛 relieve spasm and
pain
润肠通便 moisten intestine and
promote purgation
酸：具有收敛固涩作用
Sour: Sour flavor has absorbing, consolidating and
astringent actions.
虚汗 incessant
perspiration
久咳/久泄
Chronic cough/chronic diarrhea
遗精 night emission
(nocturnal emission) /
滑精Spermatorrhea
遗尿
Enuresis/尿频
frequent micturition、
崩带日久
prolonged metrorrhagia and metrostaxis , and prolonged
leukorrhea
metrorrhagia（子宫出血））
metrostaxis
(子宫渗血)
正虚精气耗散
loss of essence due to asthenia of healthy
qi.
Asthenia
(虚弱，无力)
Spleen-stomach asthenia
脾胃虚弱
苦：具有燥湿、泄降等作用
Bitter: Bitter flavor has the actions of drying or
resolving dampness, purging and lowering.
火热便秘
constipation due to fire-heat
肺逆咳喘 Cough due to adverse rising of lung
qi,
湿热证 damp-heat
syndrome
寒湿证 cold-damp
syndrome
清热燥湿
clear away heat and dry dampness
大黄能通泄泻下
Dahuang can cause downward discharge
杏仁能降泄肺气
Xingren can lower and disperse lung-qi
咸：具有软坚、泻下作用。
Salty: Salty flavor has the effects of softening hard
nodes or masses and promoting defecation.
瘰疬、瘿瘤Scrofula
痰核 superficial nodule、症瘕 abdominal
mass
燥屎内结 Internal
accumulation with dry stool
涩味
Astringent、淡味bland
flavor
涩附于酸 Astringent flavor
falls under the sour flavor category
淡附于甘 Blank flavor falls under the sweet
category
涩精止带敛汗
stop nocturnal emission,leucorrhea and profuse
perspiration.
渗湿利尿 remove
dampness and promoting diuresis
水肿
edema
小便不利 dysuria
第二节 升降浮沉 Floating and
Sinking
升降浮沉是药物作用于人体的四种不同趋向。
Lifting, lowering, floating and sinking refer to four
different directions of actions of Chinese medicinal herbs in human
body when they are taken
各种疾病，从病位上来说，有上下表里之分
Varying diseases often appear to bear a tendency to move
upward, downward, towards the exterior or the
interior.
驱除病邪 dispel pathogenic
factor
“升”是指药物作用趋势向上，具有升提作用，适用于病势向下的疾病。
By “lifting” of Chinese medicinal herbs we mean
that the direction of Chinese herbal action is towards the upper
parts. Those that possess the lifting action are indicated for a
disease in a lower part and deeper part.
升提中气
raise splenic qi
中气下陷之证
syndrome of visceroptosis with hyposplenic
qi
内脏脱垂
visceroptosis
久泄久痢 chronic diarrhea and lingering
dysentery
脱垂
prolapse
脱肛 prolapse of
rectum
子宫脱垂
prolapse of uterus
胃下垂 gastroptosis
“降”是指药物趋于向下，具有降逆作用，适用于病势向上的
疾病
By “lowering” of
the Chinese medicinal herbs we mean that they function
toward the lower parts and possess the action of descending adverse
qi and are indicated for the disease due to the adverse ascending
of pathogenic factors
降上逆之气火
descend adverse flow of qi and fire
潜降肝阳 subdue
exuberant yang of the liver
降肺、胃气逆descend
adverse qi of the lung and stomach
气火上炎 ascendancy of rebellious qi
and fire
牙龈肿痛 painful
swollen gum
口舌生疮
aphthae
肝阳上亢
exuberance of liver yang
肺气上逆的气喘咳嗽
cough and dyspnea due to abnormal rising of
lung-qi,
胃气上逆的恶心呕吐、嗳气呃逆
nausea and vomiting and eructation due to the
abnormal rising of stomach qi.
“浮”是指药物作用趋势向外、向上，具有上浮、发散功能，适用于病位在表、在上的疾病。
By “floating” of Chinese medicinal herbs we mean that they
function towards the upper and outward parts, generally exert the
effects of sweating and dispersing and are indicated for the
disease in the upper and superficial parts.
发散风寒湿邪
Dispel the wind-cold and dampness from the
exterior.
外感表证 wind and cold
exterior syndrome
风湿痹痛 wind-damp type of
Bi-syndrome
“沉”是指药物作用趋势向下、向内，具有下行、泄利功能，适用于病位在下、在里的疾病
By “sinking” of Chinese medicinal herbs we mean that they
function towards the lower and inward parts, have the effects of
lowering the adverse flow of qi and relaxing bowels and indicated
for the disease in the lower and interior.
泻下、利尿 relax bowels and
promot e diuresis
腹胀腹痛
abdominal distension and pain
小便不利 dysuria
第三节 归经 Meridian
Tropism
归经是某种药对人体某脏腑经络病变有明显和特殊的治疗作用，而对其他脏腑经络起的作用较小或不起作用。体现了药物对人体各部位治疗作用的选择性。
Meridian tropism refer to that
medicinal herbs may often produce their therapeutic effects on some
portion of a human body in preference, in other words, its
therapeutic action is mainly related to some viscus or channels or
some channels in predominance but it may seem to produce fewer
effects on or seem not related to the other viscera and
channels.
脏腑经络理论
theory of viscera and meridians
主治病症 the indication of
syndrome
肺经病症
syndromes of the disorder of the lung
meridian
乳房和胁肋胀痛
distending pain of breast and
hypochondium
疝气痛 hernia
pain
归经理论，对指导临床随证选药，提高针对性和增强疗效，具有一定意义。
The theory of Meridian tropism plays a certain role in
clinical selection of Chinese medicinal herbs according to
syndromes , giving a rise of direction and strengthening the
therapeutic effects.
扩大应用范围
extend their applying range
第四节 毒性
Toxicity
有毒药物及性质猛烈的药物使用不当，轻者可引起机体的损害，重者可导致死亡。
The medicinal herbs drastic or poisonous in nature, if
used improperly, can do harm to the body for the light and can
cause death for the severe.
有毒药物的治疗剂量
Dosage of poisonous medicinal herbs in the
treatment
中毒剂量
Poisoning dosage
安全度小 Safety margin is
small
严格炮制Strictly
processing
有毒药物可以通过炮制以降低毒性
The toxicity of poisonous Chinese medicinal herbs can be
reduced by being proessed.
控制剂量 control
of dosage
中毒的产生与药物用量过大有关
Poisonous occurrence is related to the excessive dosage of
administration.
大毒 Extreme
toxin
注意用法 Notes of
application
有毒药物，毒有大小，用法不尽相同。有的只能外用，不能内服
The poisonous medicinal herbs, their toxicity being
extreme or mild, are not used in completely common way. Some can be
applied exteriorly and can’t be taken orally.
丸散剂
Pill or bolus and powder
汤剂 decoction
复方 complex
prescription
中医历来有“以毒攻毒”之说。
TCM always holds that there is a theory of “treating
virulent pathogen with poisonous agents”
顽固难愈的疾病Serious
intractable disease
恶疥肿毒
Malignant boil with swelling
疥廯
Scabies
瘰疬瘿瘤
Scrofula , goiter
癌肿 Cancer
tumor
症瘕 abdominal mass
