2013年考研英语二真题及参考答案
2015-09-18 13:29阅读：
2013年硕士研究生入学考试真题解析（英语二）
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for
each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think
that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all
payments are made electronically. __1__
，a true cashless society is probably not around
the corner. Indeed, predictions have been ___2__ for two decades
but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business
Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would
soon 'revolutionize the very __3__ of money itself,' only to __4___
itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless
society been so___5___ in comi
ng?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient
than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___
the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7__ to
set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks
necessary to make electronic money the___8__ form of payment.
Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts,
something that many consumers are unwilling to __10__ . Third, the
use of paper checks gives consumers several days of 'float' - it
takes several days __11___ a check is cashed and funds are __12___
from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check
can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13__ electronic
payments are immediate; they eliminate the float for the
consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment may __14___ security and
privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized
hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter
information ___15___ there. The fact that this is not an __16___
occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access
bank accounts in electronic payments systems and __17___ from
someone else's accounts. The __18__ of this type of fraud is no
easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to
___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of
electronic means of payment leaves an electronic __20___ that
contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that
government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these
data, thereby violating our privacy.
1
|
[A]
|
However
|
[B]
|
Moreover
|
[C]
|
Therefore
|
[D]
|
Otherwise
|
2
|
[A]
|
off
|
[B]
|
back
|
[C]
|
over
|
[D]
|
off
|
3
|
[A]
|
power
|
[B]
|
concept
|
[C]
|
history
|
[D]
|
role
|
4
|
[A]
|
reward
|
[B]
|
resist
|
[C]
|
resume
|
[D]
|
reverse
|
5
|
[A]
|
silent
|
[B]
|
sudden
|
[C]
|
slow
|
[D]
|
steady
|
6
|
[A]
|
for
|
[B]
|
against
|
[C]
|
with
|
[D]
|
on
|
7
|
[A]
|
expensive
|
[B]
|
imaginative
|
[C]
|
sensitive
|
[D]
|
productive
|
8
|
[A]
|
dominant
|
[B]
|
original
|
[C]
|
temporary
|
[D]
|
similar
|
9
|
[A]
|
collect
|
[B]
|
provide
|
[C]
|
copy
|
[D]
|
print
|
10
|
[A]
|
give up
|
[B]
|
take over
|
[C]
|
bring back
|
[D]
|
pass down
|
11
|
[A]
|
before
|
[B]
|
after
|
[C]
|
since
|
[D]
|
before
|
12
|
[A]
|
kept
|
[B]
|
borrowed
|
[C]
|
withdrawn
|
[D]
|
released
|
13
|
[A]
|
Unless
|
[B]
|
Because
|
[C]
|
Until
|
[D]
|
Though
|
14
|
[A]
|
hide
|
[B]
|
express
|
[C]
|
raise
|
[D]
|
ease
|
15
|
[A]
|
analyzed
|
[B]
|
shared
|
[C]
|
displayed
|
[D]
|
stored
|
16
|
[A]
|
unsafe
|
[B]
|
unnatural
|
[C]
|
unclear
|
[D]
|
uncommon
|
17
|
[A]
|
choose
|
[B]
|
steal
|
[C]
|
benefit
|
[D]
|
return
|
18
|
[A]
|
consideration
|
[B]
|
manipulation
|
[C]
|
prevention
|
[D]
|
justification
|
19
|
[A]
|
call for
|
[B]
|
fight against
|
[C]
|
adapt to
|
[D]
|
cope with
|
20
|
[A]
|
chunk
|
[B]
|
chip
|
[C]
|
trail
|
[D]
|
path
|
Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after
each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam
Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern
textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two
employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the
dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the
machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a
number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that
the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining
middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in
demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of
the advantages in both globalization and the information technology
revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with
machines or foreign worker.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average
job, could earn an average lifestyle.
But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t
earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have
so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign
labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap
genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra - their
unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is
their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always
will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the
10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that
they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly
one out of every three manufacturing jobs - about 6 million in
total -disappeared.”
There will always be changed - new jobs, new products, new
services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each
advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs
will require workers to have more and better education to make
themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many
things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be
more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the
21st century that ensures that every American has access
to poet-high school education.
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______
[A] the impact of technological
advances
[B] the alleviation of job
pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile
mills
[D] the decline of middle-class
incomes
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee,
one has to______.
[A] adopt an average lifestyle
[B] work on cheap software
[C] contribute something unique
[D] ask for a moderate salary
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most
important is_____
[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] to advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate
title for the text?
[A] Technology Goes Cheap
[B] New Law Takes Effect
[C] Recession Is Bad
[D] Average Is Over
Text 2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic
included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking
to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no
intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home.
Between 1908 and 1915, about 7millin people arrived while about 2
million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for
example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an
affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of
passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide
newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We
hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be
kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken
immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix
it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we
think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions
of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of
passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then
begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists,
construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care
aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are
energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of
work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity
calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family
in another.
With or without permission,
they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need
them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be
productive for a while without committing themselves to staying
forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there
and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world
of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the
immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right
or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that
managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple
outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in
the existing system.
26. “Birds of passage” refers to those who___
[A] find permanent jobs overseas
[B] leave their home countries for good
[C] immigrate across the Atlantic
[D] stay in a foreign temporarily
27. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration
system in the US____
[A] needs new immigrant categories
[B] has loosened control over immigrants
[C] should be adapted to meet challenges
[D]has been fixed via political means
28. According to the author, today’s birds of passage
want___
[A] financial incentives
[B] a global recognition
[C] opportunities to get regular jobs
[D]the freedom to stay and leave
29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today
should be treated __
[A] as faithful partners
[B] with regal tolerance
[C] with economic favors
[D]as mighty rivals
30. the most appropriate title for this text would be
.
[A] Come and Go: Big Mistake
[B] Living and Thriving : Great Risk
[C] Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake
[D] With or Without : Great Risk
Text 3
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap
overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are
likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative
effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are
judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are
hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need
more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether
someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute,
preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of
personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t
exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the
University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just
a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though
reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate
fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into
whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes
also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will
overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a
happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate
agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If
we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive
female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or
hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly
“thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap
reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman
really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he
invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation;
two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is
what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the
future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically
we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer
term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t
changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise
above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
31. The time needed in making decisions may____.
[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation
[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction
[C] depend on the importance of the assessment
[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap
decisions____.
[A] can be associative
[B] are not unconscious
[C] can be dangerous
[D] are not impulsive
33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we
should
.
[A] trust our first impression
[B] do as people usually do
[C] think before we act
[D] ask for expert advice
34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based
on____.
[A] critical assessment
[B] “thin sliced” study
[C] sensible explanation
[D] adequate information
35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed
trend is____.
[A] tolerant
[B] uncertain
[C] optimistic
[D] doubtful
Text 4
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the
corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until
women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top
corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed,
women hold only 14 per cent of positions on Europe corporate
boards.
The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel
corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women - up to
60 per cent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last
year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call
to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for
gender balance goal of 40 per cent female board membership. But her
appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it
up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb
the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and
family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But
I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way
to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to
Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally
binding provisions on placing women in top business
positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance - and her frustration. I
don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in
meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the
obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a
fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that
corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the
meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position - no
matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do
break through to the summit of corporate power - as, for example,
Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook - they attract massive
attention precisely because they remain the exception to the
rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women
- whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families,
Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable
person living in a more just society.
36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.
[A] women take the lead
[B] men have the final say
[C] corporate governance is
overwhelmed
[D] senior management is
family-friendly
37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.
[A] a reflection of gender balance
[B] a reluctant choice
[C] a response to Reding’s call
[D] a voluntary action
38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.
[A] get top business positions
[B] see through the glass
ceiling
[C] balance work and family
[D] anticipate legal results
39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of
_________.
[A] skepticism
[B] objectiveness
[C] indifference
[D] approval
40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack
of ______.
[A] more social justice
[B] massive media attention
[C] suitable public policies
[D] greater “soft
pressure”
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the question by choosing the
most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered
paragraph (41-45).There are two subtitles which you do not need to
use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] Live like a peasant
[B] Balance your diet
[C] Shopkeepers are your friends
[D] Remember to treat yourself
[E] Stick to what you need
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony
balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After
bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but
10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate
communications and eating at London's best restaurants at least
twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and
his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team
saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree,
when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the
validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a
day-by-day thing.' Now he's living in a council flat and fielding
offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry
on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can – “there are
so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to
spend on food”- but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for
economical foodies.
41. _______
__
Impulsive spending isn't an
option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists
for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel
template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing:
it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's
also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being
human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you
fancy.
42. _______
__
This is where supermarkets and
their anonymity come in handy. With them,
there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a
little
greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only
need, say, 350g
of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is
pre-packed in the
supermarket chiller.
43. _______
__
You may proudly claim to only
have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not
good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and
fish. Planning
ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables
you'll do a
vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to 'go off' will be
cooked or juiced.
44. _______
__
Everyone says this, but it
really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers,
delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be
super friendly. Soon
you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for
soups and stews,
or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which,
more often than
not, they'll let you have for free.
45. _______
__
You won't be eating out a lot,
but save your pennies and once every few
months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a
week for three
months gives you £21 —
more than enough for a
three-course lunch at
Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's £16.95 there ─
or £12.99 for a large pizza from
Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.
Section III
Translation
46．Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your
translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly
where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the
week, I’ve been able to do this, since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with
the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be
able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I
think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does - try to put it to
one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory
is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute
or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness
I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember
that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same
day - they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47．Directions:
Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need
of help. Write your classmates an email to
1) inform them about
the details , and
2) encourage them to
participate .
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER
SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming”
instead．
Do not write your
address．(10 points)
Part B
48．Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing,
you should
1) interpret the chart , and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER
SHEET．(15 points)
参考答案
完形填空
AABDC
BAABA
DCBCD
DBCDC
阅读理解A
ACBBD
DCDBC
AACDC
BBADC
阅读理解B
DCEAB
翻译的参考译文及写作的范文请见后面翻译和写作的总结
