什么是APA格式?
当在撰写期刊论文时,无论是学会论文,或是其他学术论文,当作者在文中提及、改述或引用其他文章时,皆必须使用脚注(in-text citations)来标明参考来源。另外,每当在论文中引用文献时(APA采用括号夹注: parenthetical citation), 引用的来源必须包含在参考文献的清单之中。APA (American Psychological Association)
The results of the first enzyme study (Chen et al., 2014) revealed several relationships.如果在句子或是段落的开头提及了其他作者的文章,在引用的时候,仅需要加注出版年份。举例如下:
Chen (2014) discusses several relationships revealed in this study.
Radnitz (1995) found… / Radnitz (1995) has found…
Klinge and Rogers (2010) found that mirroring is instrumental in developments of performative gender roles.当提及过去作品的相关信息、研究结果或研究意义时,在句子之后添加脚注(作者及出版年度),举例如下:
Mirroring has been found to be instrumental in the development of performative gender roles (Klinge and Rogers, 2010).
(R. Kazinsky, 2014)
According to Khan (1976), “Graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research” (p. 45).方法 2: 如果没有在引文前面注明作者名,则可在引用的文章后面加上括号标明作者、出版年度,以及页数,举例如下:
Khan (1976) noted that “graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research” (p. 45), a fact that has profound implications for research departments.
Researchers noted that “graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research” (Khan, 1976, p. 45), but they did not offer a suggestion as to the cause.
Khan’s (1976) study found the following:
Graduate students tend to apply more diverse methods during their first two years of research, especially when conducting research in teams of three or fewer with no senior researcherspresent. This tendency could be attributed to either a misunderstanding of correct methodology or to a feeling of freedom to explore different approaches that the researchers have yet toemploy. (p. 45)
作者人数 |
第一次References |
第二次以上 References |
第一次 Quoted |
第二次以上Quotations |
| 2 | (Beardsley & Swann, 2003) | (Beardsley & Swann, 2003) | (Beardsley & Swann, 2003, p. 90) | (Beardsley & Swann, 2003, p. 90) |
| 3-5 | (Beardsley, Daniels, Choi, & Swann, 2003) | (Beardsley et al., 2003) | (Beardsley, Daniels, Choi, & Swann, 2003, p. 90) | (Beardsley et al., 2003, p. 90) |
| 6 名以上 | (Beardsley et al., 2003) | (Beardsley et al., 2003) | (Beardsley et al., 2003, p. 90) | (Beardsley et al., 2003, p. 90) |
(Marsh, 1997; Johnson, 2002).
(Kazinsky, 2017; “Three Different Roads,” 2013).
The incidence of West Nile virus in Florida increased between 2002 and 2004 (Dickens, 2014a). According to Dickens (2014b), “these viral infections were precipitated by record levels of rainfall around the peninsula” (p. 150).
According to a study by Adams (as cited in Franklin, 2016), 25% of all US federal prisoners have been diagnosed with some form of social disorder. Adams (as cited in Franklin) contends that this statistic “reflects the de-humanizing conditions of most federal institutions” (p. 76).