初高中语法知识衔接策略---定语从句2
2018-06-14 22:50阅读：
三、关系副词引导定语从句
【语境展示】
观察下面句子，分析关系副词以及“介词+
which / whom”引导定语从句时的用法。
1. I will never forget the day
when / on which
we first met.
2. We visited the house
where / in which
the famous scientist once
lived.
3. The reason why
/ for which John
changed his mind is not clear.
【自我归纳】
关系副词引导定语从句
先行词表时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语时，从句用关系副词___when___引导（句1）；先行词表地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语时，从句用关系副词
where引导（句2）；先行词表_原因____（只有reason一词），关系词在从句中作原因状语时，从句用关系副词why引导（句3）。关系副词when,
where, why在意义上都相当于一个“介词+ which”结构（句1-句3）。
知识归纳梳理：
关系副词引导的定语从句
先行词是表示时间，地点，原因方面的名词
关系副词代替先行词在从句中作状语
常见的关系副词有where, when, why
1. When
.当先行词是时间名词，定语从句中不缺主宾或表语时，用关系副词when；
.when=适当介词+which
.当先行词是时间名词，定语从句中缺主 宾或表语时，用关系代词which或that；
I still remember the day
when
/on
which I first came to
this school.
The year in which
/when the earthquake happened was
2013.
I still remember the day
which/that I
spent
with you in the countryside.
2. where
.当先行词是地点名词，定语从句中不缺主宾或表语时，用关系副词where
. where=适当介词+which
.当先行词是地点名词，定语从句中缺主宾或表语时，用关系代词which或that
The house where
I lived 10 years ago has been
pulled down.
The house in which I lived
10 years ago has been pulled down.
The house
which/that
I lived in 10 years ago has been pulled
down.
where的特殊用法
当先行词是等抽象名词（situation,
case, point, position,
activity等，表示事物处于某一环境或某种状态，或指事物发展到某种地步或某种程度，还有地点或位置的意思），且定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，缺少地点状语时用关系副词where；若缺少主语或宾语，用关系代词that或which
…until today we have reached a
stage where we have almost no rights
at all.（必修一，unit5）
…we were put into a position
where/in which we had either to
accept we were less important or fight the government.
（必修一，unit5）
3.
why
.当先行词是the reason，定语从句中不缺主宾或表语时，用关系副词why
. why= for which
.当先行词是the reason，定语从句中缺主宾或表语时，用关系代词which或that
The reason why the SanLu
milk company was closed down was that the food quality control was
overlooked.
There are various reasons for
which/why people write
poetry.
This is the reason
that/which
he gave for his absence from the
meeting.
四、介词+ which /
whom引导定语从句
【语境展示】
观察下面句子，分析“介词+
which / whom”引导定语从句时的用法。
1. I finished reading the
book in which
the 13-year-old boy
described his life.
2. The teacher
from whom
I learnt most was Mrs.
Brown.
3.The thing
about which
Mr. Johnson was not too sure was
the young man's honesty.
在“介词+ which /
whom”引导的定语从句中，which用于指代物（句1、句3、），whom用于指代人（句2）。“介词
+ which /
whom”结构中介词的选择一般取决于习惯搭配或主从句的意义（句1in the book; 句2
learn from ; 句3 be sure about）。
知识归纳梳理：
、当先行词是人介词+whom;
当先行词是物介词+which；
、that前不能有介词。
、关系副词when
,where和why引导的定语从句可以和'介词+which/whom'结构互换。
、介词的选用：
1）根据介词本身的含义与先行词之间的关系而定
2）定语从句中谓语动词，名词，形容词等和介词的固定搭配而定。
3）根据关系代词在定语从句中所作的语法成分而定。若在从句中作地点状语，则用at/in /on/
above/over/…+which(=
where);若在从句中作时间状语，则用after/at/in/on/by/during/ for/
since/…+which (= when);若在从句中作方式状语，则常用in
which （=that）；若在从句中作原因状语。则常用
for +which（=why）
、介词+which/whom引导的定语从句,关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语
当介词放在关系代词前面时，只能用“介词+which/whom'且which/whom不能省略；但当介词位于从句末尾时可用that/which/who/whom作介词的宾语，且可以省略。
（1）The school
(that/which)
he once studied in is very famous.
'that/which'可以省略
= The school in
which he once studied is very
famous. 'which”不可省略
(2)We’ll go to hear the famous
singer (whom/that/who)
we have often talked
about.
= We’ll go to hear the famous singer
about whom
we have often talked.
、“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all,
neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词短语，主句和从句之间就相当于and连接的两个简单句。
（1）He loved his parents
deeply, both of
whom are very kind to him.
==he loved…and both of them are
very kind to him.
（2）In the basket there
are many apples, some
of which have gone bad.
==…many apples and some of them
have gone bad.
(3）The boat,
the name of which is
Topsail, is famous.
== The boat is
famous and the name of it is Topsail.
(4）I bought
many books yesterday, three
of which are written by Lu
Xun.
==…yesterday and three of
them are written by LuXun.
注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care
of等
T
This is the watch which/that I am
looking for. (T＝正确)
F
This is the watch for which I am
looking. (F＝错误)
巩固练习
I.将下面两个句子合成一个含有定语从句的复合句。
1. I remember one summer.
The whole family went to the lake then.
_________________________________________
2. There are a few students.
I can't remember their names.
_________________________________________
3. The bookstore is having a sale this week.
I bought my books from it.
_________________________________________
4. I have never heard of the singer.
My son talks about her.
_________________________________________
5. Emily and I shared a room.
We spent nights talking there.
_________________________________________
II.用适当的关系副词或“介词+ which / whom”填空。
1. We'd like to know the reason ________ she didn't accept
the job.
2. This was at a time ________ there was no radio, TV or
cinema.
3. The hotel ________ we stayed was both cheap and
comfortable.
4. Carl is the man ________ you can depend.
5. This is the dictionary ________ I paid 5
dollars.
6. This
is the hot topic
_____
which the health experts have been
talking.
7. This
is the firefighter
______whom I have been working in
Shanghai.
8. Is
that the teacher
______
whom handed your graduation
paper?
9. She
is the very person
______
whom you can turn for
help.
10.
I earn only 2000 yuan a month,
half _____
which is spent on my
car.
III.单项选择
1.The police arrived , ______ the situation
become calmer.
A. after which
B. before
which C.in which D.
from which
The cloth
______
they made clothes is very
beautiful.
A. from which
B.by which C.
of which D.
into which
Xiamen is a beautiful city,____ I
paid a two days’ visit during the
Spring Festival.
A.At which
B. From which
C.to which
D. In
which
4. There stands an old tree with a
history of over 500 years,
_____
many branches have broken
off.
A. of that
B.
when
C.
of which D.
which
5.____
Do you mean I lack enough
sleep?
____
Yes,
and that’s the reason ____you are
tired and don’t have a good appetite.
A. where
B.
how C.in which
D. for
which
6. The speed _____light
travels is said to be the maximum
in the
universe.
A.at which B.
with which
C. of which
D.to which
7. The course normally
attracts
20 students per year, _____up to
half will
be from
overseas.
A.in which
B.
for whom
C.
with which
D.
of whom
IV.用适当的关系词补全下面短文。
Children are always happy on the day 1. ________ summer
vacation begins. They think about the plans 2. ________ they have
for the summer. Some children go to a day camp 3. ________ is near
their home. At the end of the day, they can go home. Other kids
choose to go to a camp in the country 4. ________ they are
instructed by camp counselors. These counselors are often college
students 5. ________ are trying to earn a little extra money during
their summer vacation. Some kids go to specialized (专业的) camps.
There they can improve a particular skill or learn a new hobby 6.
________ they are interested in. This is the reason 7. ________
specialized camps are popular with both parents and kids. There are
some kids 8. ________ parents take them on a trip in a car. They
often visit state and national parks.
V.单句改错
1．The English teacher, the daughter of who is in Canada,
lives next to me.________
2．Among the competitors, there are three little girls, the
smallest of them is Mary.________
3．I have bought two ball pens, neither of that writes
well.________
4．We shouldn't spend our money testing so many people, and
most of whom are healthy.________
5．The reason of which he refused the invitation is not
clear.______
把语言点呈现在句子或篇章中，引导学生通过自己观察、分析，小组讨论、探究，归纳梳理关系词的用法；通过体会文章和欣赏谚语中定语从句的运用，加深了学生对语法知识的理解和巩固，牢记语法规则；然后通过形式多样的练习题的练习，巩固加深了理解和记忆。通过归纳法学习定语从句，鼓励学生开动脑筋，积极思考，勇于探索，激发了学习的积极性和参与性；避免了单一讲练的枯燥乏味。
归纳法即教师先向学生逐步渗透具体的语言现象，然后让学生观察、分析并找出规律，归纳和总结语法规则，这样语法课堂充满了活力，充分调动了学生学习的积极性和能动性，学生在轻松愉快的氛围中接受、理解和掌握语法知识；之后教师再通过反复的有意义性操练，培养学生对该语法规则的灵活运用能力。这样的语法归纳教学能使学生充分的理解和内化语法规则，并使他们逐步构建起清晰且完整的语法知识体系。
总之，教师无论采用那种语法教学策略，都应注意“精讲多练，以练为主，点到为止，注重运用”，让学生在练中有悟，在练中获得听说读写的能力。教师
在课堂上尽量给学生创造“做中学”的学习环境。只有这样，学生才会有参与课堂学习活动的热情，才能增强自信，感受进步，体验成功。这样的语法教学才具有活力和生机，才能使学生获得扎实的语言基础知识和语言运用能力。
