英国文学简史完全笔记 PART7-8
2011-09-19 23:12阅读：
Part 7 prose-writers and poets of the mid and late
19th century
Chapter 1 Thomas Carlyle
He was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University
He is a literary critic
Sartor Resartus
The French Revolution
Heroes and Hero-Worship
Past and Present
Chapter 2 Ruskin and some other prose-writers
1 John Ruskin
He is a critic. Art criticism and social criticism
He is a social thinker and a master of English. His prescription
for the contemporary social problems was faulty, but he sincerely
sympathized with the people and exposed with holy wrath the
evils
Modern Painters
2 Matthew Arnold
3 Macaulay
Chapter 3 Alfred Tennyson1809~1892
（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）
Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人）
① < In Memoriam>悼念
To memorialize his friend
② < Break, Br
eak, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击
③ < Idylls of the
King>国王叙事诗
Chapter 4 Robert
Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889
A follower of Shelley
① < My Last
Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人
② < Home
Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思
③ Pippa Passes
Elizabeth Barrett Browing:
① <Sonnet from the
Portuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗
He introduced to English poetry a new form ,the dramatic
monologue
He has been praised as a 'a genius in courageous and high- hearted
figure', well-known for buoyant optimism.
Chapter 5 the Rossettis and Swinburne
1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Poem: The Blessed Damozel
2 Christina Georgina Rossetti
Poem: Goblin Market
3 Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat
4 Algernon Charles Swinburne
Chapter 6 William Morris
Poet, artist, socialist
Poem:
The Defence of Guenvere
The Life and Death of Jason
The Early Paradise
Sigurd the Volsung
The aim of his works is to bring beauty into the life of his
countrymen
Prose:
A Dream of Jhon Ball
News from Nowhere
Chapter 7 literary trens at the end of the century
1 naturalism:
Naturalism is a literary trend
prevailing in Euope. According to the naturalism, literature must
be ture to life and exactly reproduce real life, including all its
details without any selection. They usually write about the life of
the poor and oppressed, or the slum life, they can oly represent
the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real
life.
George Gissing,: <New Crub Street>
2 neo-romanticism
Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying
to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions.
They laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and
fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. They led the
novel back towards stiry-telling and to romance.
Robert Louis Stevenson <Treasure
Island>金银岛
3 aestheticism
Art for sake. Art should serve no religious, moral or social ens,
nor any end except itself.
Walter Pater:< Studies in the History of the Renaissance>
later called The Renaissance
Hte 'Conclusion' of the The Renaissance is acrystallization of his
faith in the pursuit pf beauty as the sole 'success of life'.
Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900
（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake）
① 4 Comedies:
<The Importance Of Being Earnest>认真的重要
<Lady Windermere’s Fan>温德米尔夫人的扇子
<A Woman Of No Importance>一个无足轻重的女人
<An Ideal Husband>理想的丈夫
② Novel:
<The Picture Of Dorian
Gray>多利安•格雷的画像
③ Fairy Stories:
<The Happy Prince And Other Tales>快乐王子故事集
Part 8 20th century English literature
Chapter 1 the new century: social and historical
background
1911-1914 three great strikes
The colonial division of the world by the capital powers had been
completed by the end of 19
WWI1914-1918
1929, economic crisis broke out
1930s, were called Red Decade
Chapter 2 English novel of early 20th
century
1 the realist
They sought for new ways and means of revealing the truth of
life.
Samuel Bulter, George Meredith, Herbert George Wells
2 Rudyard Kipling
'the bard of imperialism'
诗集：Barrak Room Ballad营房诗集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and
Other Poems赞美诗及其他;The Five Nations五国
长篇小说：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船长
短篇小说：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the
Gadsby;Life Handcap生命的阻力;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle
Book林莽之书;The Lost Legion
Arnold Bennett:
The Old Wive's Tale
Joseph Concrad
①<Lord Jim>吉姆爷
②<Heart Of Darkness>黑暗的心
1.Why the book’s title is Heart of Darkness?
The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of
people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the
title is to the evil in humans’ heart.
2.What is the symbolism of black and white
【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery,
uncivilized
Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark
Ages.
According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark
and God created light.
According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was
dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark
stage”.
【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized,
religion.
Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means
truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness
means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth
about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a
psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind.
White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The
trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally
corrupt
3.Comment
The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and
codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts
as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker
tendencies.
Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book
a symbol of enlightenment, was once 'one of the darker
places of the earth' before the Romans forced civilization upon the
Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage
tendencies which lurk in the background.
This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz
and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the
restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive
state.
4.Character
【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own
intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized
environment.
【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back
into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle.
5.Narrative Structure
In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a
story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers
around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has
learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to
Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s
story.
Henry James:
Daisy Miller
The portrait of a Lady
The Wings of the Dove
The ambassadors
The Golden Bowl
Katerrine Mansfield:
In a German Pension
Bliss
The Garden Party
Chapter 3 Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928
Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;
Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;
The Return of the Native还乡;
The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;
Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;J
ude the Obscure无名的裘德
诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集
史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲
Chapter 4 John Galworthy高尔斯华绥1867-1933
From the Four Winds天涯海角
(The Man of Property有产业的人;
In Chancery骑虎难下;
To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家);
(The White Monkey白猿;
The Silver Spoon银匙;
Swan Song天鹅曲
→A Modern Comedy现代喜剧)
剧作：The Silver Box银匣;
Strife斗争
Chapter 5 the Irish dramatic movement
1 the Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory
2 John Millington:
A playwriter
The play boy of the Western World
Riders to the Sea
Sean O'Casey:
The Shadow of a Gunman
Juno and Paycock
The Plough and the Stars
Chapter 6 George Bernard
Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950
(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist
⑴ Plays
① Plays Unpleasant
<Mrs Warren’S Profession>华伦夫人的职业
<Widowers’ Houses>鳏夫的房产
② Plays Pleasant
<Arms And Man>武器与人
<The Man Of Destiny>左右命运的人
③Plays
<Man And Superman>人与超人
<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁
<The Apple Cart>苹果车
<Saint Joan>圣女贞德
Chapter 7 Some poets of Early 20th
century
A group of war poets who wrote old-fashioned patriotism
Rupert brooke
John Masefield
Alfred Edward housman
Chapter 8 modernism in poetry
Imagism:
An Anglo-American poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s.
An imagist is that which presents an intellectual and emotional
complex in an instant of time. So the imagist poetry is a kind of
shaking off the convwntional metres and emhasizing on the use of
common speech, new rhythms and clear images.
William Butler Yeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939
（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动；
The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴；
The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）
⑴ collections
① <The Wind Among The Reeds>
苇风
<Responsibilities>
责任
② <The Tower> 塔
<The Winding Stair>
旋转的楼梯
⑵ Poems
<Easter 1916>复活节，1916
<The Second Coming> 第二次来临/再世
<Sailing To Byzantium> 到拜占庭航行
Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）
⑴ Poems
① <The Waste Land>
② <Four Quartets>四个四重奏
③ <The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock>
⑵ Plays
① <Murder In The Cathedral>
大教堂谋杀案
Chapter 9 the psychological fiction
Modernist fiction emphasis on the description of the characters'
psychological activities, so sometomes been called modern
psychological fixtion.
Novelists
① James Joyce
② David Herbert Lawrence
③ Virgirnia Woolf
1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930
① <Sons And
Lovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)
【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is 'a woman of
character and refinement', a strong-willed, intelligent and
ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous
coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then,
she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She
hopes that they will become outstanding
【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make
sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his
mother’s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he
is left alone, in despair.
Theme:
Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of
psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the
individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the
life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman
sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting
the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human
relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the
novel
Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence’s
Sons and Lovers
②<The Rainbow>虹
③<Women In Love>恋爱中的女人
④ <Lady Chatterley’s
Lover>查特莱夫人的情人
James Joyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941
（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness
<Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C)
<A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young
Man>一个青年艺术家的肖像
<Finnegans Wake>芬尼根的苏醒
<Dubliners>都柏林人
Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941
（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness
① Novels
<Mrs Dalloway>达洛维夫人
<To The Lighthouse>到灯塔去
<The Waves>浪
<The Lighthouse>
<Jacob’s Room> 雅各布的房间
<Orlando> 奥兰朵
<Between The Acts>幕间
Chapter 10 Robert Tressell: a working-class
novelist
The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists
Chapter 11 Maexist literay criticism
Ralph Fox:
The Novel and the People:
1 It presents a distorted and falsified picture of life. It opposes
the principles of hunmanism.
2 the book is inspired by a profound love for the traditions of
materialism and realism in English literature.
3 it regards the history of English literature
Christopher Caudwell:
Illusion and Reality
Studies in a Dying Culture
