澳门葡语及其发音规则
2014-01-27 08:29阅读：
在中国澳门特区，葡语是一种官方语言，也是世界第六大语言，葡语源于拉丁文，其还保留很多拉丁文的词根，学习葡语也对英语有很多帮助，比如dual就是拉丁文的词根表示两个一双的意思，所以我们有时发觉英文说两个用dual-、double-来表示而不是two-。
葡语的发音难点在于r、rr及元音部分，下面说一说
在葡萄牙语的26个字母中， k[k]、y[i]、w[w]其实是3个外来字母，在葡萄牙中比较少出现，
因此，就不多作介绍了。在其余的23个字母中，有5个是元音字母，即：a、e、i、
o、u。其他的18个字母都为辅音字母。葡语的元音有多种发音，主要是开音化open、闭音化close、短音化reduced、鼻音化nasal，还有双元音等的变化
参考发音 http://zh.forvo.com/word/até_logo/#pt
1、字母a
1)发开音的[a] ，类似“啊”
元音字母a在带有开音重音符号(´)的时候和大部分不带开音重音符号的重读音节中发开音的[a]。例如
má lá fala lata
olá
2)发闭音的[α]→近似于英语[ɚ]，有时发短音[ə]
发音要领与开音的[a]差不多，不同之处在于嘴张开的程度要略小些，舌面稍稍抬起。
(a)当字母a处于非重读音节时。例：
fala[falɚ] mala[malɚ]
lata[latɚ] dia[diɚ]
(b)当字母a上面带有闭音重音符号(^)时。例：
câmara[k
ɚmɚlɚ]
Tânia[tɚniɚ]
(c)当字母a处于以鼻辅音字母m、n开头的音节之前且重读时。例：
Ana[ɚnɚ]
cama[kɚmɚ]
lama[lɚmɚ]
banana[bɚnɚnɚ]
2、字母e
1)发开音的[ε]，近似ei
嘴张开的程度略小于[a]，但略大于[α]。舌尖接触下齿龈，舌面低平。发音时双唇稍向两侧咧开。
(a)当字母e上带有开音重音符号(´)时。请跟读：
é
pé
sé
café[kɚfε]
(b)部分不带开音重音符号但处于重读音节的元音字母e时。例：
ela[εlɚ]
esta[εʃtɚ]
festa
nela[nεlɚ]
2)发闭音的[e] ，近似于net或air的e音。
(a)当字母e上带有闭音重音符号(^)时。例：
você
mês
chinês
(b)部分不带重音符号的重读音节。例：
meta
seco
selo
(c)当字母e处于以鼻辅音字母m、n开头的音节之前且重读时。例：
tema
pena
cena
lema
3)发半闭音的[i] →发音同英语字母E
(a)当字母e出现在词首而又不重读时。
etapa
está
estudo
elevado
(b)当字母e出现在元音字母之前且不构成二重元音时。
óleo
teatro
oceano
preencho
4)发短音的[e] →近似于payment的e音。
元音字母e除了在词首以外的所有非重读音节都发短音的[e]。
de
este
pele
telefone
5)发[αj] 发音类似[ε]
这是一个二重元音,发音时先发[α]音，然后向半元音[j]滑动。元音[α]发得重而完整，半元音[j] 发得轻而短促。
当字母e出现在辅音字母x之前且两者同属一个音节时，一般发此音。
texto
sexto
dextra
textura
expresso
extemo
experiente
extrovertido
3、字母i
只有发闭音的。
字母i在不构成双重元音的情况下发音。例：
isto
ali
dia
amigo
4、字母o
1)发开音的[ɔ]
→发音近似汉语[哦]
(a)当字母o上带有开音重音符号(´)时。例：
só发音近似汉语[少
第4声]
pó
nós
avó
(b)部分不带开音重音符号但处于重读音节的字母o时。例：
sol
copo
mola
foto
2)发闭音的[o]
→近似ou欧
(a)当字母o上带有闭音重音符号(^)时。例：
avô
pôr
pôde
(b)部分不带闭音重音符号但处于重读音节的字母o时。例：
pode
sopa
todo
nove
(c)当字母o处于以m、n等鼻辅音字母开头的音节之前且重读时。例：
nome
como
dono
nono
(d)当字母o处于词首但不重读时。例：
olá
oposto
obrigado
olímpico
(e)部分处于非重读音节的字母o。例：
você
todavia
sozinho
soldado
3)发短音的[u]
处于词尾的非重读的字母o以及大部分处于单词中间且不重读的o都发[u]音。例：
como
amigo
motivo
bonito
5、字母u
只发[u]音。例如
uva
fr uta
6、双元音
有时两个元音连接作为一个音节，按双元音发音，即发成一个音中间不停顿。例如当元音字母i和u与a、e、o一起构成双元音时，它们就发半元音的[j]和[w]。半元音不能单独构成一个音节，也不重读。葡萄牙语中常用双元音及其相对应的字母如下：
发音
[aj]
[aw]
[αj]
[ew]
[εj]
[εw]
[oj]
[ɔj]
[uj]
[iw]
[o]
字母
ai
au
ei
eu
éi
éu
oi
ói
ui
iu
ou
下面选一些作说明，其他差不多。
1）[ɔj]
当带有开音重音符号(´)的元音字母o和字母i构成一个音节时，发此音。发音时，先发半开音的[ɔ]，然后向半元音[j]滑动。[ɔ]音发得重而完整，[j]音发得轻而短促。
dói mói herói lençóis
2）[ũj]→近似于英语[uj]
现代葡萄牙语中，ui只在muito一词中发[ũj]音。发音时，由闭音的向半元音[j]滑动；同时，软腭下垂，使部分气流从鼻腔通过，引起鼻腔共鸣成音。
muito
3）[uj]→近似英语[ui]，发音快而短促。
元音字母u和i同处一个音节时，绝大部分情况下发此音。发音时，先发闭音的，然后向半元音[j]滑动。音发得重而完整，[j]音发得轻而短促。
intuito uivar contribui substitui
4）[ew]→近似于英语[eu]
元音字母e和u同处一个音节时发此音。发音时，先发半闭音的[e]，然后向半元音[w]滑动，口型逐渐收圆。[e]音发得重而完整，[w]音发得轻而短促。
meu seu museu europeu
5）[εw]→近似英语[εu]，发音快而短促。
当带开音重音符号(´)的元音字母e和字母u同处一个音节时，发此音。发音时，先发半开音的[ε]，然后向半元音[w]滑动。[ε]音发得重而完整，[w]音发得轻而短促。
céu véu chapéu
6）[iw]→近似英语[iu]，发音快而短促。
元音字母i和u同处一个音节时，发此音。发音时，先发闭音的，然后向半元音[w]滑动。音发得重而完整，[w]音发得轻而短促。
viu abriu partiu constituiu
注:鼻音符号'~'
只出现在元音字母a和o上：
ã、õ。这时，
a和o要发鼻音,即ang、
ong。
注：葡语的重音发生在开音或闭音符号,如无符号一般在倒数第二音节上。非重音如在词首一般偏向发闭音,其他位置偏向发短音。
附：
Vowels
- Category:
Pronunciation
There are 4 defined ‘qualities’ of Portuguese vowels, known as
open, closed, reduced, and nasal. These are not really
hard-and-fast rules of pronunciation, more a categorisation of the
ranges of sound that the vowels can represent. It is important to
recognise these distinctions, because certain words rely on them to
make their meaning clear. For example, the word ‘jogo’ can mean
either ‘game’ or ‘I play’, depending on whether the pronunciation
of the first ‘o’ is open or closed. The basic ranges of sounds for
these vowel qualities are set out in the following table:
Portuguese vowel
qualities
|
Vowel
|
Open Pronunciation
|
Closed Pronunciation
|
Reduced Pronunciation
|
Nasal Pronunciation
|
a
|
The range of sounds between the ‘a’ in ‘father’ to the ‘a’ in
‘cat’.
|
The range from the ‘a’ in ‘cat’ to the ‘a’ in
‘postman’.
|
The range from the ‘a’ in ‘postman’ to virtually
silent.
|
Pronounced through the nose, similar to ‘an’ in
‘angry’.
|
e
|
Ranging from the ‘e’ in ‘chalet’ to the ‘e’ in
‘net’.
|
Ranging from the ‘e’ in ‘net’ to the first ‘e’ in ‘people’
(often pronounced as a sort of cross between the ‘ea’ of ‘ear’ and
the ‘ai’ of ‘air’ – requires careful listening
practice!).
|
From the first ‘e’ in ‘people’ to the ‘e’ in ‘payment’ through
to virtually silent.
|
Similar to ‘an’ in ‘angel’, although keeping a hint of the open
‘e’ sound, and pronounced through the nose. Can also be pronounced
like ‘en’ in ‘engine’ if there is a circumflex (^)
over the ‘e’. Note: the letters ‘en’ are never pronounced
like the ‘en’ in ‘rendez-vous’.
|
i
|
Like ‘i’ in ‘simple’, but with a very slightly
longer sound (tending towards the ‘ee’ of ‘free’). No distinction
is made between open, closed, and reduced. Note: the letter ‘i’ is
never pronounced like the ‘i’ in ‘like’.
|
Similar to ‘En’ in ‘England’.
|
o
|
like ‘o’ in ‘hot’.
|
From the ‘oa’ in ‘coal’ to the ‘o’ in ‘look’.
|
like ‘o’ in ‘who’, but a very weak sound, almost like the ‘u’
in ‘rightful’. As with other reduced vowels, it can range to
virtually silent.
|
similar to ‘on’ in ‘long’.
|
u
|
Like the last ‘u’ in ‘kung fu’. No distinction is
made between open, closed, and reduced.
|
Similar to ‘un’ in ‘lung’, but more of an ‘oo’ than an
‘uh’.
|
Knowing when to use what type of vowel is to a large extent
dependent on practice, but there are some rules that can help you.
If a vowel has a circumflex over it (^), it must be pronounced
using the close quality. If it has an acute accent (slanting
upwards like this: ´ ), you must use the open quality – usually the
acute é is pronounced as more of an ‘ay’.
A tilde (
~) over a vowel indicates a nasal
pronunciation, as does the letter m or n following the vowel (note
that an ‘n’ or ‘m’ can follow a vowel which has an acute or
circumflex accent over it – in which case both the nasal and open
or close qualities should be evident in the way you pronounce
it).
When a word ends with a vowel, or starts with an ‘e’, you would
normally use the reduced quality unless there is an accent to
indicate otherwise – however, an ‘e’ at the end of a word, followed
by a vowel at the start of the next word, normally requires the ‘e’
to become more close – like the ‘e’ in ‘people’ (this is for ease
of articulation).
So bearing in mind these principles, the following is a rather
rough guide to get you started on pronouncing Portuguese vowels.
With listening practice, you will be able to hone your
pronunciation skills and will hopefully improve naturally as time
goes by.
| a |
like ‘a’ in ‘cat’ except when on the stressed syllable, when it
is more like the ‘a’ in ‘father’.
|
| â |
like ‘a’ in ‘cat’
|
| á |
sometimes like the ‘a’ in ‘cat’, sometimes like the ‘a’ in
‘father’
|
| ã |
similar to ‘an’ in ‘angry’
|
| e |
like ‘e’ in ‘net’ except when used as a word on its own without
an accent or at the end of a word which is followed by a word that
starts with a vowel, when it is pronounced like ‘e’ in ‘people’, or
if it is followed by another vowel (in the same word), when it is
more like the ‘e’ in ‘chalet’ (more of an ‘ay’ than an
‘e’).
|
| ê |
like ‘e’ in ‘net’, or a cross between the ‘ea’ of ‘ear’ and the
‘ai’ of ‘air’.
|
| êm |
like a more nasal version of the ‘en’ in ‘engine’
|
| é |
like ‘e’ in ‘net’, or like the ‘e’ in ‘chalet’.
|
| ém |
like ‘an’ in ‘angel’
|
| em |
like ‘an’ in ‘angel’
|
| i |
like ‘i’ in simple, but with a very slightly longer sound
(tending towards the ‘ee’ of ‘free’).
|
| o |
usually like ‘o’ in ‘hot’ when stressed, but when on its own or
at the end of a word, it is like a weak version of the ‘o’ in
‘who’. Use of the close pronunciation (like the ‘oa’ in
‘coal’) is often impossible to determine except by careful
listening practice – unless of course the circumflex (^) is
used.
|
| ó |
like ‘o’ in ‘hot’
|
| ô |
like ‘oa’ in ‘coal’
|
| u |
like the last ‘u’ in ‘kung fu’.
|
A weak sound, such as produced when pronouncing reduced Portuguese
vowels ‘a’ and ‘e’ is indicated in the pronunciation guides below
by using superscript type (ie. small and high like
this). Reduced ‘o’ is represented by the letter ‘u’ (or
sometimes ‘
oo’), because the English pronunciation of a
‘u’ is very similar to the Portuguese reduced ‘o’, but remember to
weaken the sound of the vowel slightly. When a word starts or ends
with an unstressed ‘e’, the vowel is usually dropped almost
completely, and this is indicated below by the vowel being crossed
out.
Where letters are enclosed in square brackets [like this], the
sound of those letters should be merged with the sound of the
previous letter or syllable. This is in an effort to try to
represent sounds that don't exist in normal English usage.
Vowels that are followed by m or n, or have a tilde (~) over them
are pronounced nasally, and this is represented in the
pronunciation guides by ‘[ng]’. European Portuguese tend to slur a
lot, making the language sound ‘slushy’ – almost drunken!
Brazilians are a lot crisper and clearer, and they never drop
reduced vowels completely.
falo
|
livro
|
vendedor
|
o
|
tenho
|
gostamos
|
| fahlu |
li[ee]vru |
vendedor |
oo |
te[ay]nyu |
goshtamoosh
|
| open ‘a’, reduced ‘o’ |
reduced ‘o’ |
close ‘e’, closed ‘e’, open ‘o’ |
reduced ‘o’ |
open and nasal ‘e’, reduced ‘o’ |
reduced ‘o’, open (and slightly nasal) ‘a’, reduced ‘o’ |
| guerra |
filha |
casa |
avó |
avô |
você |
| gairra |
filya |
kahza
|
avoh
|
avo[ah]
|
vosseh
|
| reduced ‘a’ |
reduced ‘a’ |
open ‘a’, reduced ‘a’ |
reduced 'a', open ‘o’ |
reduced 'a', closed ‘o’ |
open ‘o’, closed ‘e’ |
