翻译（4）

2006-12-22 16:38阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/1270501425

Introduction to Translation
Definition of Translation
1. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)
2. Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). (Catford)
3. Tranduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.) (Italian proverb)
4. Translation is a process in which the parole of one language is transferred into the parole of another with the content i.e. meaning unchanged. (Barhudarov)
5. 翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。（郭沫若）
6. 不妨假定理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作。那么原文的意义与精神，译文的流畅与完整，都可以兼筹并顾，不至于再有以辞害意，或译意害辞的弊病了。（傅雷）
Translation is a conversion between source language and target la

nguage.Translation is a bridge over different languages, in the course of ideological communication of human beings, with aim to reproduce the source language by target language, so as to help the people with different languages understand each other.
2. Classification of Translation
2.1 In terms of languages
a,native language b,foreign language
2.2 In terms of lansign (从语言符号上)
intralingual translation (语内翻译)
interlingual translation (语际翻译)
intersemiotic translation (语符翻译)
2.3 In terms of mode
human translation
machine translation
2.4 In terms of materials to be translated
literary translation
pragmatic translation
2.5 In terms of disposal (从翻译方式上)
full-text translation，abridged
translation(缩译), adapted translation (编译)，ect
3. Why study translation
4. Requirements of a qualified translator
(1) One evening the police descended
quietly, without warning, on a dozen or so
drive-in taverns.
一天夜里在没有任何通知的情况下，警察
突袭了十多家汽车小食店。
(2) '?-?-竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是嫡亲的孙女似的。'
'She doesn't take after her father, son-in-
law of our old Ancestress, but looks more like
a Jia.'
(3) He left a note of welcome for me, as
sunny as his face.
他留下一封信，对我表示欢迎。那封信写
得热情洋溢，一如其人。
(4) He was weak and old.
他身体衰老，年纪也大了。
5. Criteria of Translation
5.1 Source-language-oriented or target- language-oriented
foreignizing method domesticating method
5.2 Author-and-reader-oriented
A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; a translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (Tytler)
信达雅 (严复)
5.3 Aesthetic-oriented
发挥创造性, 进行文艺创作(加切奇拉泽) 神似(傅雷) 化境(钱钟书)
5.4 Sociosemiotic-oriented
Three meanings
Six functions
《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定，英译汉，汉译英的评估项目分?°忠实（exactness)，通顺(readability)两项。忠实具体阐述为原文的信息全部传达，语气和文体风格与原文相一致；通顺具体阐述为断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥帖。段落之间，句子之间呼应自然（英译汉）；句式处理恰当，选词妥帖，英语比较地道（汉译英）。按百分计，忠实为60％，通顺为40％。
(1) An elusive greenish-yellow gleam
flashes, then another. Fire flies! The hunt is on.
一丝绿里带黄的光芒乍闪即逝，接着又是一
丝。那是萤火虫！快去捉啊。
(2) 永州之野产异蛇，黑质而白章。
The country around Yongzhou yields an
extraordinary snake — black with white spots.
(3) Then Clare again stole a chink of light
from the window, and they shared another
meal, till by and by they were enveloped in the
shades of nights, which they had no candle to
disperse.
于是克莱又把窗板微微开开，透进一线
亮光，两个一同又吃了一顿饭，就渐渐叫苍茫
的夜色笼罩起来了，因为他们没有蜡烛把昏暗
驱散。
(4)“Did you say‘pig’or‘fig’?” said the Cat.
“I said‘pig’,” replied Alice…
你刚才是说猪?还是鼠?那只猫问道。我说的是猪。爱丽丝说。你刚刚说的是猪(pig)还是无花果(fig)?± (译注:两者英文的发音相似)那只猫问道。我说的是猪(pig) 。爱丽丝说。
通顺
(1) It may be safely assumed that , two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from the windows of room, in which I write,was in what is called “the state of nature”.
赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野，槛外诸境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马大将剀切未到时，此间有何景物。计有天造草昧，人工未施。
(2) I am on a runway, bag in hand. Other passengers are around me. The air feels good. Green grass beside the runway. Wind in face.
我拎着包走在跑道上，身边走着别的乘客。空气很新鲜。跑道边上的草绿油油的。风轻佛着面庞。
(3)“Snap shot of a senorita sitting in the sand — alliteration unintentional,” guessed White, lazily.
一个小姑娘，坐在沙滩上，趁她不防备，照了一个相 ?无意中押了韵。怀特懒洋洋地猜到。
(4) You cannot bite back, but you can fight back. (ad of insecticide)
不能以牙还牙，何不以毒攻毒
不能回之以咬，何不报之以药
(5) He must have been completely immersed in what he was reading, because I had to rap on the windshield to get his attention.
他一定是完全地沉浸在他所读的东西里了，因为我不得不在挡风玻璃上拍拍去引起他的注意。
(6) He wanted to learn , to know, to teach.
他渴望博学广闻,喜欢追根穷源,并且好为人师。
(7) 已经剃了头，已经换上了新衣新鞋，他以为这就十分对得起自己了。
Now he had his hair cut, his new clothes and shoes changed, he felt he was no sorry for himself.
(8) 银杏树生长缓慢，需二十年才能结果。古曰:公植树而孙得食，因而又称公孙树。
Growing slowly, the gingko does not bear fruit until it is 20 years old. It is sometimes called the “grandfather and grandson” tree after an ancient saying that when a man plants a gingko, his grandson picks the fruit.
(9) I would not change my present situation for that of my accusers, to escape all that torture can inflict upon me.
我不会将我目前的立场改变成我的告发者的，去逃避加之于我的种种苦刑。
(10) On the opposite side of the street was a restaurant of no great pretensions. It catered to large appetites and modest purses. Its crockery and atmosphere were thick; its soup and napery thin.
街对面有家不怎么豪华的饭店，是个胃口大但囊中羞涩的食客的好去处。食具粗糙，空气污浊，汤水寡淡，餐巾薄得透亮。
(11) Your friendship over the years has meant an awful lot to me, more than I can say because I’m not good at saying things like that.
流年似水，您的友情一直是我生活中不可或缺的部分。其重要性远非我的语言所能表达，我嘴笨笔拙，向不谙此道。
(12) When they awoke, though the sky was still
grey and the clouds hung low, it was not raining.
当他们醒来的时候，虽然天空依然灰苍苍的而且云也低低地挂着，但是雨还没有落下来。

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