限制性 非渭语从句
2007-04-07 12:20阅读：
分词、不定式与独立结构
I. 分词和不定式
首先明确两个概念：
1、一个简单句里只有一个谓语动词，形式要与句子的主语的人称和数取得一致
2、不作谓语的动词称为非谓语动词（也叫非限定动词），有三种形式：-ing, -ed, to do.
非谓语动词的形式不随主语而改变。
例如：The man walking in front was carrying a red flag.
The men walking in front were carrying red
flags
非谓语动词walking不受主语的限制，它的形式不随主语而改变。
练习： 划出下面句子里的谓语部分和非谓语动词
I saw a girl drawing a picture in the house.
The ceremony ended, the games began.
He was sitting in the chair, reading a book.
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.
He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
我们加倍努力，每一个人就像干两个人的活。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking
straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面.
3、非谓语动词构成的分句，可在句中作状语，表示多种意义。
--- -ing分词：（注意与主语的逻辑关系）
伴随状况 He ran up to her, breathing heavily.
时间状语Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificen
t view.
原因状语 Being a hard-working young man, he is praised by all his
fellow workers.
条件状语 You will make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet.
（= if you keep on your feet）
让步状语 Knowing all this, they still insisted on my paying for the
damage.
说话人对说话内容所持态度（固定用法）Judging from what you say, Generally
speaking,
--- -ed分词：（注意与主语的逻辑关系）
伴随状况 I made a leisurely round of the town, fascinated by the
construction going on everywhere.
时间状语 Heated, the metal expands.
原因状语 Absorbed in his work, Jim neglected food and sleep.
条件状语 United, we stand; divided, we fall.
让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandhi甘地 invented the
principle of nonviolent resistance.非暴力抵抗主义
注：
1）-ing 和-ed的主要区别在于，主语与-ing分词之间为主动关系，主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系。
2）ing 和ed分词构成的分句，一般用逗号连接，依附在主句上。
--- -to do 作状语
表示目的 she stood up to be seen better. (与主句主语一致)
要带有自己的主语，可用for 引出。 He stood aside for her to enter.
表示结果(常用) He got to the station only to be told that the train had
left.
表示原因，通常与喜怒哀乐、运气好坏的此连用
I’m
delighted to know that you have got a job.
He
was lucky to have found the lost child.
作插入语的固定用法 To be frank, To begin with, To tell you the truth
其它结构（so…as, such…as to, too…to,）
It
was too cold (for us) to go out.
His
indifference was such as to make all of us despair.
4、非谓语动词的时态
非谓语动词的时态变化并不表示动作发生的明确时间，只能看出比谓语动词的动作发生得早还是晚，所以可以说非谓语动词的时态是一种相对的时态。
-ing分词一般形（doing）:与谓语动词动作同时发生。
e.g. The bell rang announcing the end of the
class．铃响了，通知下课了。
-ing分词完成形(having done):在谓语之前发生。
e.g. Having done his homework，he went out for a
play．做完功课他出去玩了。（做功课在玩之前发生）
-ed分词表示被动
e.g. Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again.
ed分词完成形(having been done):在谓语之前发生，但having been经常可以省略。
e.g. The question(having been) settled问题解决之后, the meeting
adjourned休会.
to do一般形，表示在谓语之后将要发生的动作。
e.g. He promised to do it tonight.
to do完成形 to have done 表示已经发生过的动作。
e.g. I am sorry to have disturbed you.
to do进行时 to be doing 表示同时发生。
比较下面两个句子：
I happened to be reading the article when he asked me about
it．当他问起我关于这篇文章的情况时我碰巧正在读。
I happened to have read the article when he asked me about
it．当他问起我关于这篇文章的情况时我碰巧已经读过了。
5、否定形式
非限定动词的否定形式：把not放在它们的前面。
e.g. Not knowing what to do next，we went to ask our teacher for
some advice．由于不知道下一步该干什么，我们去老师那里请教。
e.g. Paul didn't mind not being invited to the
party．保尔不在乎没被邀请参加晚会。
You saw the problem not settled in this
way．你看到了----用这种方法并没解决问题。
II. 独立结构与非谓语动词
1、什么是独立结构？
比较这两个句子, 注意分句的主语：
Having finished the job, we went home straight away.
The job (having been) finished, we went home straight away.
分句带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主句主语不发生关系，因此叫“独立结构”。
“独立结构”有四种：不定式独立结构、-ing分词独立结构、 ed分词独立结构、无动词独立结构。后三种是比较常见。
练习：找出下列句子的独立结构部分，划出非谓语动词及其对应的主语。
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe,
others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎皇帝的衣袍，有的给他整腰带等。
There being nothing else to do, we left. 由于没有其它事情可做，我们离开了。
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.
她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。
The room was in chaos--- dirty clothes strewn on the floor,
cosmetics scattered over the dresser, empty bottles and cans
everywhere.
房间一片混乱，脏衣服扔在地板上，化装品散乱在梳妆台上，到处都是空瓶空罐。
2、几种独立结构的区别
在独立结构中，不定式独立结构表示即将发生的动作，-ing分词独立结构表示正在进行的动作，且-ing分词与自己的主语之间为主动关系，-ed分词独立结构表示已发生的动作，与对应的主语之间为被动关系。
3、无动词分句的独立结构
无动词分句就是在独立结构中没有动词，主语后面直接跟形容词、副词、介词短语等等，表示这个主语所处的状态。
The children were watching the show, their eyes (being) wide
open.
The floor (being) wet and slippery, we stayed outside.
由于地板又湿又滑，我们呆在屋外。
独立结构里带领形容词、副词、介词短语的being 经常是可以省略的。
4、需要注意的几点问题：
1）在上述诸例中，“独立结构”前均可用介词with。介词with在此没有什么意义，只是比较口语化。 例如：
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
他们坐在房间里，窗帘拉下来。
= They sat in the room, the curtains drawn.
With the tree growing tall, we get more shade.
树长高了，我们得到更多的阴凉。
= The tree growing tall, we get more shade.
He came into the classroom with a book in his hand.
他手里拿着一本书走进教室。
= He came into the classroom， book in hand.
（注意：没有with时，介词in前后的两个名词均不加任何成分。只能用 book in hand, 不要任何限定词）
2）there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构， there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
(being不可省略)
It being impossible for most students to
turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them
another two days.
3）在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。例如：
The manager sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed.
经理静静地坐在办公室里，双目紧闭。
III. 练习
1. What’s the chance of
a general election this year?
A. there being B. there to be
C. there be D. there going
to be
2. If not with the respect he feels
due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the
time.
A. being treated B. treated
C. be treated D. having been
treated
3. The Minister of Finance is believed
of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.
A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking
C. that he is to think
D. to think
4. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat
by
far the biggest cereal crop.
A. is B. been C. be
D. being
5. Time , the
celebration will be held as scheduled.
A. permit B. permitting
C. permitted D. permits
6. AIDS is said
the number-one killer of both men and women over
the past few years in that region.
A. being B. to be
C. to have been D. having been
7. Even as a girl,
to be her life, and theater audiences were
to be her best teachers.
A. performing by Melissa were B. it was
known that Melissa’s performances were C.
knowing that Melissa’s performances were D.
Melissa knew that performing was
8.
is not a serious disadvantage in life.
A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall
C. Being not tall D. Not
being tall
9. There
nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an
hour earlier.
A. to be B. to have been
C. being D. be
10. at in
this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem so
gloomy.
A. Looking B. Looked
C. Having looked D. To look
11. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into
the neighboring country,
by the police each time.
A. had been captured B. being always
captured
C. only to be captured D. unfortunately
captured
12. Professor Johnson is said
some significant advance in his
research in the past year.
A. having made B. making
C. to have made D. to make
13. , he can now
only watch it on TV at home.
A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match B.
Not obtaining a ticket for the match
C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match D. Not
obtained a ticket for the match
14. The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel
.
A. to stay B. is to stay
C. to stay at D. is for
staying
15.
enough time and money, the researcher would have been able
to discover more in this filed.
A. Giving B. To give
C. Given D. Being given
16. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his
back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
17. He went off, _____.
A. a gun in hand B. a gun in his hand
C. gun in hand D. the gun in his hand
18. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience ＿＿＿＿ on benches,
chairs or boxes.
A) having seated B) seating C) seated D)
having been seated
19. So many directors＿＿＿＿, the board meeting had to be put
off.
A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been
absent
20. A house_____, we must save every cent.
A. building B. having been built
C. to build D. to be built
21. He hurried home only ___ that his father was dead.
A. finding B. to find
C. to have found D. having been
found
22. The ground ____, we should be careful.
A. been muddy B. is muddy C. having been muddy
D. muddy
23. There ____ no rain, the plants withered.
A. having been B. being
C. was D. must have been
24. All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called
off.
A) considered B) be considered C) considering D)having
considered
25. The house was very quiet, ____as it was on the side of a
mountain.
A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been
isolated
26. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both
wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
A) being B) been C) to be
D)having been
27. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in
Europe until Columbus found it ____ in Cuba.
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having
cultivated D) cultivating
28. ____in a recent science competition, the three students were
awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars.
A) To be judged the best B) having judged
the best
C) Judged the best D) Judging the best
29. ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so
disappointing.
A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To
be looked at
30. You will see this product ____ wherever you go.
A) to be advertised B) advertised
C) advertise D) advertising
