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）组合，形成一个短语结构XP。
例如：
（1） He studied linguistics at the university. /dje ndjtaem nza ltaeng nxza-rxum.
V-bar: study (head) + linguistics (complement). /njtaem(haed)+nza(complement)
V-bar: study linguistics (V-bar) + at the university (adjunct). /njtaem nza (v-bar)+ltaeng nxza-rxum(adjunct)
VP : he(specifier) + study linguistics at the university (V-bar). /dje(specifier)+ndjtaen nza ltaeng nxza-rxum(v-bar)
（2） The student of linguistics at the university. //gtoeng ndjtaem nza ltaeng nxza-rxum hqi nji
N-bar: student (head) + of linguistics (complement). //gtoeng(head)+ndjtaem nza(complement)
N-bar: student of linguistics (N-bar) + at the university (adjunct). //gtoeng ndjtaem nza (n-bar)+ltaeng nxza-rxum(complement)
NP: the (specifier) + student of linguistics at the university (N-bar).//gtoeng ndjtaem nza ltaeng nxza-rxum +hqi nji(specifier)
X-bar 在树形图上经常用 X'， X''表示，前者代表 X+complement形成的结构，后者代表由X'+adjunct形成的结构。
X-bar的理论目标是：X-bar的结构模式应适用于各类具体的短语结构，如VP，NP，AP，PP，……；也适用于各种语言中的短语结构。

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