速成班哲学--自然法理论#34
2022-05-10 19:03阅读：
Crash Course Philisophy 17-46, Natural Law Theory: Crash Course
Philosophy #34
速成班哲学 17-46，自然法理论
Natural Law Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #34
自然法理论： 速成班 哲学
Thomas Aquinas was no dummy.
托马斯·阿奎那不是傻瓜。
Remember him? The Italian fella? Christian monk? Philosophical
superstar of the 13th century?
还记得他吗？那个意大利人？基督教修道士？13世纪哲学界的超级明星？
Aquinas thought morality was important for everyone, and that being
a good person was a vital part of God's plan for each of us.
阿奎那认为道德对每个人都很重要，做一个好人是上帝为我们每个人计划的重要部分。
But he also knew that not everyone had been exposed to the Bible,
or had even heard of God.
但他也知道并不是每个人都接触过《圣经》，甚至有没有听说过上帝。
So, what bothered him was:
所以，困扰他的是：
How could people follow God's moral rules – also known as the
divine commands – if they didn't even know about the guy who made
the commandments?
人们怎么才能遵循上帝的道德准则——也被称为神的旨意--如果人们连谁制定了这些旨意都不知道，？
Aquinas just couldn't believe that God would have expectations for
us, if h
e didn't also give us – all of us – a way to meet them.
阿奎那不相信上帝会对我们有期待，如果他不给与我们——我们所有人-- 一种满足期望的方式。
So, Aquinas' theorized that God made us pre-loaded with the tools
we need to know what's Good.
因此，阿奎那的理论认为，上帝让我们预先装载了我们需要的工具，去认识什么是善的工具。
This idea became known as the natural law theory.
这个想法被称为自然法理论。
And there are a lot of versions of this theory still circulating
around today.
这个理论的很多版本至今仍在流传。
But Aquinas' original take on natural law is by far the most
influential, and the longest standing.
但迄今为止，阿奎那对自然法的独到见解是最有影响力、最持久的。
How influential?
有多大影响力？
Well, if you're Catholic or a member of any of the major Protestant
denominations, or were raised in any of those traditions,
如果你是天主教徒或任何主要新教教派的成员，或在这些传统中长大，
then you're probably already familiar with how Aquinas saw the
moral universe and your place in it.
那么你可能已经熟悉阿奎那是如何看待道德世界的，以及你在其中的位置。
Basically, God is awesome, and he made you. So, you are
awesome.
基本上，上帝是伟大的，他创造了你。所以你也很了不起。
It's just important that you don't forget to be awesome.
重要的是，你别忘了做个了不起的人。
[Theme Music]
We all want stuff. Aquinas got that. And he said that it was
OK.
我们都有欲望。阿奎那懂得。他说正常。
In fact, the theory of natural law is based on the idea that God
wants us to want things – specifically, good things.
事实上，自然法理论的基础是上帝希望我们有欲望——特别是对善的欲望。
Aquinas argued that God created the world according to natural
laws, predictable, goal-driven systems whereby life is sustained,
and everything functions smoothly.
阿奎那认为，上帝根据自然法则创造了世界，一个可预测的、目标驱动的系统，由此生命得以维持，万物运转顺畅。
And as part of this natural order, God made certain things that
were good for his various creatures.
作为这种自然秩序的一部分，上帝创造了对他的众生有益的东西。
Sunlight and water are good for plants.
阳光和水对植物有益处。
Meat is good for cats, and plants are good for bunnies.
肉对猫有益，植物对兔子有益。
And – because God is awesome – he instilled all of his creatures
with an intuitive desire for the things that he designed to be best
for them.
而且——因为上帝是令人敬畏的——他赋予众生本能的欲望，这就是他为众生设计的最好的礼物。
The things that we're designed to seek are known as the basic
goods, and there are seven of them.
我们被设计去追求的东西被称为基本善，有七种。
The first thing that all living things just naturally want, Aquinas
said, is self-preservation – the drive to sustain life.
阿奎那说，所有生物自然需要的第一件事就是自我保护——维持生命的动力。
Aquinas thought God built all creatures with a survival
instinct.
阿奎那认为上帝赋予万物求生的本能。
And this appears to be pretty much true.
这似乎是事实。
I mean, we naturally avoid dangerous situations like swimming with
hungry sharks,
我的意思是，我们自然会避免危险的情况，比如和饥饿的鲨鱼一起游泳，
and when we find ourselves in danger, we don't have to stop and
ponder the options before getting ourselves to safety.
当我们发现自己处于危险之中时，我们不必在到达安全地带之前停下来思考各种选择。
After preserving our own lives, our next most pressing basic good
is to make more life – in other words, to reproduce.
在保护了我们自己的生命之后，我们下一个最紧迫的基本善就是创造更多的生命--换句话说，就是繁衍后代。
Some beings are able to do this on their own, but since we need to
coordinate matters with a partner, God kindly instilled us with a
sex drive, and made the process feel good, to make sure that we do
it.
有些生物能够自我繁殖，但由于我们需要与伴侣协调合作，上帝仁慈地赋予我们性欲，并让这个过程感觉良好，以确保我们做到。
Thanks, God!
谢谢上帝！
But once we manage to achieve our second basic good – reproduction
– we need to educate those kids we just made.
但是，一旦我们设法实现了我们的第二个基本善——繁殖——我们就需要教育那些我们刚刚创造出来的孩子。
For humans, that's going to mean stuff like school and lessons in
morality.
对人类来说，这将意味着上学校和道德教育。
But even non-human animals need to teach their babies how to hunt
and avoid predators.
但即使是非人类动物也需要教它们的宝宝如何捕猎和躲避捕食者。
Otherwise, the offspring they worked so hard to create aren't going
to survive long enough to reproduce themselves, which, of course,
is the goal of everything.
否则，他们辛苦培养的后代将无法长大来生育后代，这当然是一切生物的目标。
And while these first goods seem to apply to a pretty wide swath of
creation, some of the basic goods are just for humans, because of
the particular kind of being we are.
虽然这些第一批善似乎适用于相当广泛的生物群体，但一些基本善只适用于人类，因为我们是一种特殊的生物。
For instance, Aquinas thought we are built with an instinctual
desire to know God.
例如，阿奎那认为我们生来就有认识上帝的本能欲望。
He believed we seek him in our lives, whether we've been exposed to
the idea of God or not.
他相信我们在生活中寻找他，无论我们是否接触过上帝的观念。
Interestingly, the existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre agreed with
Aquinas on this.
有趣的是，存在主义者让·保罗·萨特同意阿奎那的观点。
He said we're all born with a god-shaped hole inside of us.
他说我们生来体内都有一个上帝形状的洞。
The tragedy, for Sartre, is that he was an atheist, so he believed
this was an emptiness that could never be filled.
对萨特来说，悲剧在于他是一个无神论者，所以他认为这是一个永远无法填补的空虚。
Next, taking a page out of Aristotle's book, Aquinas also said that
humans are naturally social animals, so it's part of our basic good
to live in community with others.
接下来，阿奎那借鉴了亚里士多德书中的一页，还说到，人类是天生的社会性动物，所以与他人生活在一个群体是我们基本善的一部分。
While short periods of solitude can be good, he believed that we're
basically pack animals, and our desire for love and acceptance, and
our susceptibility to peer pressure, are all evidence of
this.
虽然短暂的独处可能是好事，但他认为我们基本上是群居动物，我们对爱和接纳的渴望，以及我们对同伴压力的敏感，都是这方面的证据。
Now, since we naturally want to be part a pack, it's a good idea
not to alienate our pack-mates.
现在，既然我们天生就想成为群体的一部分，那么不要疏远我们的群体伙伴是个善念。
So, basically, Aquinas said we recognize the basic good of not
pissing everybody off.
所以，基本上，阿奎那说，我们认可不得罪、惹怒任何人的起码好处。
I mean, he didn't actually say it that way.
我的意思是，他的原话并不是这样。
But if he did, I'm sure it sounded a lot better in Latin.
但就算他说了，用拉丁语听起来肯定更好。
The point is, Aquinas said we feel shame and guilt when we do
things that cause our group to turn against us, and that was
another basic good.
关键是，阿奎那说，我们会感到羞耻和内疚，当我们做的事情导致我们的团队反对我们时，这是另一个基本的善。
And finally, Aquinas said we're built to shun ignorance.
最后，阿奎那说我们生来被赋予避免无知的欲望。
We're natural knowers.
我们是天生的求知者。
We're inquisitive, and we want to be right.
我们好奇，兴趣广泛，我们渴望正确。
This is another trait we share with non-human animals, because
knowledge promotes survival, and ignorance can mean starving to
death or ending up as someone else's dinner.
这是另一个我们与非人类动物共有的特征，因为知识促进生存，而无知可能意味着饿死或成为别人的晚餐。
So these are the basic goods, and from them, we can derive the
natural laws.
因此，这些是基本善，我们可以从中得出自然法。
We don't need the Bible, or religion class, or church in order to
understand the natural law, Aquinas said.
阿奎那说:“我们不需要圣经、宗教课程或教堂来理解自然法则。”
Instead, our instinct shows us the basic goods, and reason allows
us to derive the natural law from them.
相反，我们的本能向我们展示了基本善，而理性则允许我们从中推导出自然法则。
Right acts, therefore, are simply those that are in accordance with
the natural law.
因此，正确的行为只是那些符合自然法则的行为。
So how does this whole system work?
那么整个系统是如何起作用的呢?
Well, I recognize the basic good of life, because I value my own
life.
好吧，我认识到生活的基本善，因为我珍视自己的生命和生活。
And that's clear to me, because I have a survival instinct that
keeps me from doing dangerous, stupid stuff.
这对我来说很明确，因为我有求生的本能，使我不去做危险、愚蠢的事情。
Then, reason leads me to see that others also have valuable
lives.
然后，理性让我看到，其他人也有宝贵的生命和生活。
And from there I see that killing is a violation of natural
law.
从这里我明白了杀戮是违反自然法则的。
So, for each negative law, or prohibition, there's usually a
corresponding positive one – a positive injunction.
所以，对于每一条禁制令或禁令，通常都有一个对应的肯定法，积极的强制令。
For example, ‘Do not kill' is a prohibition, but there's also a
positive injunction that encourages us to promote life.
例如，“不要杀人”是一项禁令，但也有一项积极的强制令鼓励我们提升生活品质。
And I can take that positive injunction of promoting life to mean
anything from feeding the hungry, to caring for the sick, to making
healthy choices for myself.
我可以把促进生活的积极命令看做是意味着，给饥饿的人喂食，照顾病人，为自己做出健康的选择。
And we could do the same thing with each of the basic goods.
我们可以对每一种善进行同样的推理。
The basic good of reproduction leads to a prohibition, don't
prevent reproduction, which is why the Catholic Church has been so
opposed to birth control.
生育的基本善导致了一项禁令，即不要阻止生育，这就是为什么天主教会如此反对节育。
And the positive injunction there is: Do procreate!
积极的命令是：要生育！
Do all the procreating you want!
想生就生!
And if you think it through – using your God-given reason – you'll
be able to see how the other natural laws are derived from the
basic goods.
如果你想通这个逻辑—运用上帝赋予你的理性—你将能够看到其他自然法则是如何从基本的善中衍生而来的。
But, of course, as with the Divine Command Theory, the theory of
Natural Law raises plenty of questions.
但是，当然，就像神旨论一样，自然法理论提出了很多问题。
For example, if God created us to seek the good, and if we're built
with the ability to recognize and seek it, then why do people
violate the natural law all the time?!
例如，如果上帝创造我们是为了寻求善，如果我们生来就具有识别和寻求善的能力，那么为什么人们总是违反自然法则呢?!
Like, if this is supposed to be something so intuitively obvious
that even plants and non-human animals can manage it, why is the
world so full of people-killing and offending others and folks who
do everything but seek God?
比如，如果这是一件如此本能的事情，甚至连植物和其他动物都能做到，那么为什么世界上还有这么多的杀戮和冒犯他人的人，以及除了寻求上帝之外什么都做的人？
Aquinas had two answers for this: ignorance and emotion.
阿奎那对此有两个答案：无知和情感，感性。
Sometimes, he said, we seek what we think is good, but we're wrong,
because we're just ignorant.
有时，他说，我们追求我们认为善的事情，但我们错了，因为我们就是无知。
And yes, that happens.
是的，这时常发生。
I mean, there once was a time when cigarettes were literally what
the doctor ordered.
比如说，历史上曾经有段时间，烟草是医生的指定用药。
Back then, we thought we were promoting our health, but we were
actually hurting it.
在当时，我们以为我们是在促进我们的健康，但实际上我们是在伤害它。
No matter how awesome God made you, or your desires, you have to
have some understanding of how to be awesome.
不管上帝把你造得多么了不起，也不管你有多大的愿望，你都必须对如何变得了不起，有一定的理解。
But ignorance can't account for all of the stupid things we
do.
但是无知不能解释我们做的所有的蠢事。
Aquinas, again following Aristotle here, said that, even though
we're rational, we're also emotional creatures.
阿奎那在这里再次向亚里士多德学习，他说，虽然我们是理性的，但我们也是感性的生物。
And sometimes, we see what we should do, but emotion overpowers our
reason, and we fail to do the things we know we should.
有时，我们知道我们应该做什么，但感性占了理性的上风，我们没有做我们明知应该做的事情。
So, in those cases, we just kinda forget to be awesome.
所以，在这种情况下，我们只是有些忘记了要做个了不起的人。
Now, as with the Divine Command Theory, Natural law gives us a
handy answer to the grounding problem.
现在，就像神旨论一样，自然法为我们提供了一个方便的答案，来解决根本问题。
It tells us that morality is grounded in God, that he created the
moral order.
它告诉我们，道德根植于上帝，他创造了道德秩序。
It also gives us a reason to be moral – following the natural law
makes our lives work better.
它也给了我们一个遵守道德的理由——遵循自然法则可以让我们的生活变得更好。
But while it seems to have a lot more going for it than divine
command theory, natural law theory has its share of critics as
well.
但是，虽然自然法理论似乎比神旨意论靠谱多了，有更多的优点，但它也受到了批评。
First of all, it's not going to be super appealing to anybody who
doesn't believe in God.
首先，这对那些不相信上帝的人来说不是特别有吸引力。
You can tell me God set the world up according to natural laws, but
if I reject that whole premise, there's not a lot you can do to
convince me.
你可以告诉我上帝根据自然法则创造了这个世界，但是如果我拒绝这个前提，你就没法说服我了。
Another objection comes from 18th century Scottish philosopher
David Hume, in the form of what's known as the is-ought
problem.
另一种反对意见来自18世纪的苏格兰哲学家大卫·休谟，他提出了“实是--应是”问题。
And to investigate this, let's pop over to the Thought Bubble for
some Flash Philosophy.
为了研究这一点，让我们跳转到“思想泡泡”，看一点哲学动画。
Hume said it's fallacious to assume that just because something is
a certain way, that means that it ought to be that way.
休谟认为，仅仅因为事情是某个样子，就意味着它应该是这个样子，这种假设是错误和荒谬的。
But that's basically what natural law theory does all day
long.
但这基本上就是自然法理论的中心思想。
We look at nature and see that creatures have strong survival
instincts.
我们观察大自然，发现生物具有强烈的求生本能。
So from there we conclude that survival instincts are good.
于是我们由此得出结论，求生本能是善的。
But, are they?
但是，真的是吗？
I mean, to me, yeah, because it helps me stay alive.
我是说，对我来说，是的，因为这能让我活下去。
But my survival instinct could also cause me to do all sorts of
things that look immoral to other people.
但我的求生本能也会让我做各种在别人看来不道德的事情。
Like killing you and crawling inside your still-steaming body,
tauntaun-style, to stay alive in a blizzard.
比如杀了你，爬进你仍然冒着热气的身体，像陶顿一样，在暴风雪中活命。
Not that I would do that, but just for example.
不是说我会那样做，只是举个例子。
Likewise, we can observe the existence of sex drives and conclude
that reproduction is good.
同样，我们可以观察到性欲的存在，并得出生育是好事是善的结论。
But, sexual drive can also used by bad people to excuse horrible
immoral things,
但是，性欲也会被坏人利用 为不道德的事开脱。
like committing sexual assault.
比如性侵。
And for that matter, is reproduction always good?
这样的话，生育总是好事的吗?
Is it something all beings have to do?
这是所有生物都必须做的事吗？
Am I sinning if I choose never to have children?
如果我选择丁克，永远不生孩子，我有罪吗？
And what about bodies that can't reproduce?
如果人不能生育怎么办那？
Or people who don't want to reproduce or have partners that they
can't reproduce with?
或者那些不想生育，或者他们的伴侣无法生育的人怎么办哪？
Thanks, Thought Bubble!
谢谢，思想泡泡！
As you can see, for all it has going for it, natural law theory can
pretty quickly open some big ol' cans of philosophical worms.
如你所见，尽管自然法则理论有很多优点，但它可以很快打开一些哲学难题的大罐子。
Which might be why 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant
thought we needed a better option.
这可能就是为什么18世纪德国哲学家伊曼努尔·康德认为我们需要一个更好的选择。
Which we'll consider next time.
我们下节课再讨论。
Today, we learned about natural law theory, as proposed by Thomas
Aquinas.
今天，我们学习了托马斯·阿奎那提出的自然法理论。
We studied the basic goods and the way instinct and reason come
together to point us to the natural law.
我们学习了基本善，以及本能和理性结合在一起指引我们得出了自然法则。
We also discussed some problems with the theory, in particular, the
is-ought problem advanced by David Hume.
我们还讨论了该理论的一些问题，特别是大卫休谟提出的“实是--应是”问题。
Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital
Studios.
哲学速成课 由PBS数字工作室协助制作。
You can head over to their channel to check out a playlist of the
latest episodes
你可以去他们的频道查看最新视频发现更多节目
of shows like Blank on Blank, Braincraft, and Coma Niddy.
像Blank on Blank、Braincraft和Coma Niddy这样的节目。
This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C.
Kinney Crash Course Studio
本集速成课程是在 Cheryl C. Kinney 博士速成课程工作室拍摄的
with the help of these awesome people and our equally fantastic
graphics team is Thought Cafe.
得到了这些了不起的人和我们同样出色的图形团队Thought Cafe的帮助。
