词法和句法
2011-09-01 20:25阅读：
语法——就是语言的规律
在下面的介绍中，学习重点是理解或了解 ，不需要纯粹去记语法规则。
英语语法共分两大部分:词法和句法
词法
英语中的词根据其形式特征、词义以及句法作用,分成十大类：
冠于名词前,说明名词含义的词----------------冠词
a, an, the
表示人或事物名称的词-----------------------名词
box, cup, bike, city
代替名词或名词所有格的词-------------------代词
you, my, himself, this, that
表示动作或状态的词-------------------------动词
do, play, sit,
eat
表示人或事物的性质特征---------------------形容词 red, clever,
young, great
表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度的词---副词
very, quickly, never,
indeed
连接词与词、词组与词组、句与句的词---------连词 or,
and, but, if, when, before，so
表示数目或顺序的词-----------数词(分为序数词和基数词)
one, two, first,
hundred
用于名词或代词之前，表示该词与其它词的关系的词-------介词 in, on, at, over,
under
表示说话时的情感的词-----------------------感叹词
oh, ah,
well
下面这句话包含了所有的词性：
Oh, my God! The black dog and
cat got there
in five
minutes.哦，天哪，黑猫和黑狗在五分钟之内到达了那儿。
感 代 名
冠 形 名
连
名 动 副
介
数
名
句法
一、句子成份
句子的成份有主语和谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语和状语。“主谓宾、定状补、表同插”
1.表示所说的是谁或是什么，动作的发出者——主语。可以充当主语的有：
名词
The book is
hers.
人称代词
We are Chinese.
物主代词
This pen is yours. Mine is in my
bag.
指示代词
That is a cup.
疑问代词
Who is crying?
不定代词
Nothing can interest
him.
基数词
Two of them will be
chosen.
序数词
The first is
better.
形容词
The rich are not necessarily
happier than the poor.
不定式
To talk is easier than to
do.
动名词
Walking after meals does good
to our health.
从句
What I will
say is very important.
2.表示主语的动作或状态——谓语
行为动词 He often
plays basketball．行为动词有时也叫实义动词
连系动词 The boy is
clever．
连系动词有时也叫系动词
She looked
worried．
3.说明主语的特征、类属、状态和身份——表语
形容词
The girl is beautiful．
副词
His mother is always in on
Sundays．
指示代词 What I want to say
is this：money is
the chief problem．
疑问代词 I don't know
who that man is．
不定代词 That is all
for today．
基数词
One plus one is two．
序数词
I'm the first to know the
news．
介词短语 The headmaster is
in his office．
不定式
My job is to teach you．
动名词
My job is
teaching.我的工作是教学
现在分词 The story is very
interesting． （interesting这类的现在分词已经变成了形容词）
过去分词 I am
interested in English
从句
That is what he
said.
4.用以修饰名词或代词——定语
形容词
This is a clean room.
副词
The room upstairs is
better.楼上的房间更好些。
名词
In that area, men teachers
are badly needed.在那个地方，非常需要男老师。
物主代词
My father is a doctor.
指示代词
These books are for you.
疑问代词
Which class are you in?你在哪个班
不定代词
I'd like to have another cup of coffee if you don't
mind.
基数词
I want two apples.
序数词
The first one to arrive can get a
prize.
介词短语
The boy in black is Tom.
不定式
I have something to
say.我有话要说
动名词
There is a big swimming-pool in our
school.
现在分词
He didn't know what to say at the surprising
news.
过去分词
The broken glasses are my grandma's.
从句
The girl who is speaking is
quite pretty.
5.表示动作的承受者——宾语
名词
They are reading
books.
人称代词
He married her ten years
ago.
反身代词
The boy is old enough to dress
himself.
指示代词 “Go to see your grandparents as soon as you get
there.” “OK, I’ll do that.”
疑问代词
What are you doing now?
不定代词
She said nothing but to
cry.
物主代词
He is a friend of mine.
mine做of的宾语
相互代词
They don't know each
other.
不定式
I want to have a word with
you.我想跟你说句话
6.用于宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作或状态——宾语补足语
形容词
His letter made her
sad.
副词
Let me show you
in.我来把你领进去
名词
American people elected him
president of USA.
介词短语
He kept his hands in his
pocket.
不定式
They believed him to be
honest.
His speech
made us laugh.
现在分词
The man had the fire burning all
night.
过去分词
I felt myself lifted up at that
time.
7.用以修饰动词、副词、形容词或全句----状语
形容词
The trees
have grown up, larger and better.
副词
My teacher speaks very
fast.
不定式
I come here
to make friends with you.
现在分词
Hearing the
news, he couldn't help laughing.
过去分词
Heated to a
certain temperature, water will boil.
名词
The moment he saw me, he nodded
me.他向我点头问好
介词短语
They are singing
in the classroom.
从句
While she was reading, her classmate
felt asleep.
独立主格结构
Lots of homework to do, I have to stay at
home all day.
8.说明前面名词或代词的具体内容——同位语
名词
This is Tom, our monitor.
代词
They all laughed at the strange man.
数词
They three went out together.
从句
The news that he won the game is true.
句子成分必背经典句：
I’m a child. I
want Tom, the boy under the tree, to
help me very much..
表 主 谓 宾
同位
定
宾补
状
我是个小孩。我非常想要汤姆，那个站在树下的男孩，来帮我。
二、句子的类别
(一)按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
陈述句:
肯定句:She likes
singing.
There is a ball under the
desk.
否定句:He doesn't want to go
out.
I can't speak English very
well.
疑问句:
一般疑问句:Are you a student?
Yes, I am.
Do you speak Japanese? No, I
don't.
特殊疑问句:Where do you
live?
Why are you here?
选择疑问句:Are you a teacher
or a doctor?
Do you want to stay at home or
go out?
反意疑问句:John is very tall,
isn't he?
They didn't go, did
they?
祈使句:Sit
down, please.
Don't make any
noise.
感叹句:What a
beautiful girl she is!
How beautiful the girl
is!
(二)按结构分，句子可分为简单句、并列句、主从复合句。并列句、主从复合句都是复杂句
简单句五种基本句型
1.主语+不及物动词
eg. Birds can fly.
2.主语+及物动词+宾语
eg. He said
nothing.
3.主语+连系动词+表语
eg. We are
students.
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
eg. He gave me money
often.
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补
eg. The teacher wanted him to
go out.
简单句的五种句型必背经典句：
1. Money is very important.
（主系表结构）
2. I love money.
（主谓宾结构）
3. I gave him a lot of
money. （主谓双宾结构）
4. Money made him mad.
（主谓宾宾补结构）
5. Money talks.
（主谓结构）
复杂句之并列句必背经典句：
1. We are Chinese and we love
our motherland.
2. He is short but he likes
basketball.
3. The sun went down so they
went home.
复杂句之主从复合句必背经典句：
---名词性从句（四种）：
1. What
matters most in learning English is enough practice. --------------------主语从句
2. I sensed that my heart was beating fast at the
sight of the beautiful girl.----宾语从句
3. The truth is
that the
old man was crossing the
road when suddenly a car hit
him.-----表语从句
4.
The news that he failed the exam made us surprised.
-------------------------同位语从句
---定语从句：The book that he is reading is mine.
---状语从句（九种）：
1. When the teacher came
in, all the students stood up
together.----时间状语从句
2. If I’m free tomorrow,
I will come.
------------------------------------------条件状语从句
3. Because you are ill,
you have to be at home.
--------------------------原因状语从句
4. He waters the flowers every
day so that they can grow better.
----目的状语从句
5. He was so tired that he
couldn’t walk any further.
--------------------结果状语从句
6. Bamboo grows best where
it rains often.
-------------------------------地点状语从句
7. Although he was
angry, he didn’t say anything.
----------------------让步状语从句
8. Do everything as I
do.
------------------------------------------------------方式状语从句
9. Our city is much cleaner
than it used to be.
---------------------------比较状语从句
