| Afghanistan
(Asia and the Pacific) Date of Submission: 02/11/2009 Criteria:(iv) Category: Cultural Submitted by: Permanent Delegation of Afghanistan to UNESCO State, Province or Region: Kabul Ref.: 5469 |
巴布尔花园位于阿富汗 喀布尔古城的
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巴布尔花园位于阿富汗 喀布尔古城的
西南面，依山而建，是印度莫卧尔王朝开国皇帝巴布尔所建，巴布尔死后被葬在山坡高处。
巴布尔（Bâbur，1483年2月14日－1530年12月26日），绰号“老虎”，印度莫卧儿帝国的开国君主。
巴布尔是成吉思汗（母系）和帖木儿（父系）的后裔，是突厥化的蒙古人。
11岁继承父亲的王位，在中亚锡尔河上游称王，成功挫败了来自四方的吞并阴谋，但尔后巴布尔 被乌兹别克人打败，并逐出中亚，被迫放弃重建帖木尔帝国的理想，成为无家可归的流浪者。1504年，趁阿富汗内乱之际，他率领300名部下攻入阿富汗，建 立以喀布尔为首都的国家。1525年，巴卑尔率军进攻印度。1526年，在第一次帕尼帕特战役中，击败由易卜拉欣·洛提国王统帅的德里苏丹国军队，易卜拉 欣·洛提阵亡。在征服过程中，巴卑尔以12,000人的部队打败了印度的10万大军。巴卑尔接着攻取德里，并于4月27日在大清真寺的礼拜仪式上，宣布为 “印度斯坦皇帝”，以阿格拉为新首都，建立莫卧儿帝国，也结束了德里苏丹国在印度320年的统治。1527年，莫卧儿军队与以梅瓦尔的拉那·桑伽为首的拉 其普特同盟在亚格拉以西的坎奴村进行决战，拉其普特同盟战败。1530年，巴卑尔在亚格拉驾崩，其子胡马雍继位为蒙兀儿皇帝。
Criterion IV: as an outstanding example of a cultural landscape which illustrates significant stages in human development.
Bagh-e Babur is an outstanding example of an intentionally designed landscape garden. As a cultural and archaeological site it encompasses the designed landscape and its built architecture, which together form a historic ensemble. It is the only landscape garden in the region which mirrors subsequent developmental stages and reflects shifts in function, style and concept from the early 16th to the early 20th century: from a Timurid pleasure to a Mughal tomb garden, to a 19th century representational garden and a 20th century public park. These phases have left their mark in the garden and depict various stages of historical development and their representation in the cultural heritage.
巴布尔（Bâbur，1483年2月14日－1530年12月26日），绰号“老虎”，印度莫卧儿帝国的开国君主。
巴布尔是成吉思汗（母系）和帖木儿（父系）的后裔，是突厥化的蒙古人。
11岁继承父亲的王位，在中亚锡尔河上游称王，成功挫败了来自四方的吞并阴谋，但尔后巴布尔 被乌兹别克人打败，并逐出中亚，被迫放弃重建帖木尔帝国的理想，成为无家可归的流浪者。1504年，趁阿富汗内乱之际，他率领300名部下攻入阿富汗，建 立以喀布尔为首都的国家。1525年，巴卑尔率军进攻印度。1526年，在第一次帕尼帕特战役中，击败由易卜拉欣·洛提国王统帅的德里苏丹国军队，易卜拉 欣·洛提阵亡。在征服过程中，巴卑尔以12,000人的部队打败了印度的10万大军。巴卑尔接着攻取德里，并于4月27日在大清真寺的礼拜仪式上，宣布为 “印度斯坦皇帝”，以阿格拉为新首都，建立莫卧儿帝国，也结束了德里苏丹国在印度320年的统治。1527年，莫卧儿军队与以梅瓦尔的拉那·桑伽为首的拉 其普特同盟在亚格拉以西的坎奴村进行决战，拉其普特同盟战败。1530年，巴卑尔在亚格拉驾崩，其子胡马雍继位为蒙兀儿皇帝。
Criterion IV: as an outstanding example of a cultural landscape which illustrates significant stages in human development.
Bagh-e Babur is an outstanding example of an intentionally designed landscape garden. As a cultural and archaeological site it encompasses the designed landscape and its built architecture, which together form a historic ensemble. It is the only landscape garden in the region which mirrors subsequent developmental stages and reflects shifts in function, style and concept from the early 16th to the early 20th century: from a Timurid pleasure to a Mughal tomb garden, to a 19th century representational garden and a 20th century public park. These phases have left their mark in the garden and depict various stages of historical development and their representation in the cultural heritage.
- The original layout and essential architectural elements mirror the idealized form of the chahar bagh plan and are testimony to the spread of Persian and Timurid spiritual and aesthetic concepts towards east around 1500. It is thus the latest surviving pre-Mughal garden designed in the original Persianmmurid tradition east of Iran. Throughout its existence, Bagh-e Babur maintained the main conceptual features of this type of garden, such as the geometric layout with the typical vista, the perimeter wall, terraces, a central axis with water channels and basins, trees, flowers, and, originally, a pavilion.
- Bagh-e Babur was designed as a pleasure garden, but became a tomb garden after the death of its founder and, hence, a symbolic place for the Mughal dynasty. It is, therefore, the oldest imperial tomb and the westernmost Mughal garden, and within the borders of Afghanistan the only surviving testimony of a Timurid pleasure garden that was later adorned with Mughal architecture. The garden was adorned with decorative schemes developed in India during the Mughal Period, particularly under Shah Jahan. Features added to the garden until 1660 include a marble platform with lattice work around the tomb, a headstone, a mosque, a perimeter wall, a gateway, a caravanserai, water pools with fountains on each terrace, and marble lined water channels. They witness of the transformation of a Timurid to a Mughal garden. Located far from the capitals in Pakistan and India, the embellishment of Baghe Babur emphasizes its symbolic and, for a certain period, political significance. Although it lost much of its importance with the decline of Mughal power after Shah Jahan, one of his descendants was buried close to him in the 18th century.
- After a period of decay from the late 17th to the late 19th century, the garden was important enough to be restored 200 years later by the rulers of a modern Afghanistan; it mirrors the beginning of a new era. After 1880, Bagh-e Babur was re-designed by Amir Abdur Rahman, ruler over an united Afghanistan and passionate builder. Changes include landscaping, buildings, vista, and waterworks. The buildings and landscape works commissioned him thoroughly changed the appearance of the upper terraces, they are a portrait of the architectural language typical for this ruler. The garden was used as an international guesthouse and thus retained a representational character.
- In the 2th quarter of the 20th century, Nadir Shah once more redesigned the garden in terms of landscaping and built architecture. He distanced himself from his predecessor, but although the more airy layout of the garden was closer to its original scheme than under Amir Abdur Rahman, Nadir Shah rather followed European design schemes; this is also reflected by the fact that it became a public park.