Basic Distillation Equipment & Operation 基础精馏设备和操作 —— 精馏基础知识中英文对照
2010-10-03 14:38阅读：
英文原文作者及信息：Ming T.
Tham，目前就职于英国纽卡斯尔大学化学工程和先进材料系（位于泰恩河上纽卡斯尔市）
The author of the English version of
the following article is Ming T. Than, currently with the School of
Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials，Newcastle
University，Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Main
Components of Distillation Columns
精馏塔主要部件
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| Distillation
columns are made up of several components |
, each of which is used either to tranfer heat energy or enhance
materail transfer. A typical distillation contains several major
components:
精馏塔由多个用于传递热能或提高物质传递效率的部件构成。典型的精馏塔包含以下部件：
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a vertical
shell where the separation of liquid components is
carried out 立式筒体，液体组分的分离在此进行
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column
internals such as trays/plates and/or
packings which are used to enhance component
separations 塔内件，例如塔板和/或填料，用于提高组分分离效率
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a
reboiler to provide the necessary vaporisation for the
distillation process
再沸器，为精馏过程提供必需的汽化
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a
condenser to cool and condense the vapour leaving the
top of the column 冷凝器，用于冷凝塔顶馏出
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a reflux
drum to hold the condensed vapour from the top of the column
so that liquid (reflux) can be recycled back to the
column
回流罐，用于收集塔顶排出的冷凝蒸气，从而使液体（回流）可以被循环回精馏塔
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The vertical
shell houses the column internals and together with the condenser
and reboiler, constitute a distillation column. A schematic of a
typical distillation unit with a single feed and two product
streams is shown below:
立式筒体及其内部的塔内件、冷凝器和再沸器共同构成精馏塔。下图为典型精馏设备原理图，包含一处进料和两处馏出物：
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Basic
Operation and Terminology
基础操作和术语：
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The liquid
mixture that is to be processed is known as the feed
and this is introduced usually somewhere near the middle of the
column to a tray known as the feed tray.
The feed tray divides the column into a top (enriching
or rectification) section and a bottom
(stripping) section. The feed flows down the column
where it is collected at the bottom in the
reboiler.
精馏塔所处理的液体混合物被称作进料。靠近塔中间、用于填充进料的塔板被称作进料塔板。进料塔板将精馏塔分为顶部（精馏段）和底部（提馏段）。进料至上而下流至塔底并被收集于再沸器中。
Heat is supplied to the
reboiler to generate vapour. The source of heat input can be any
suitable fluid, although in most chemical plants this is normally
steam. In refineries, the heating source may be the output streams
of other columns. The vapour raised in the reboiler is
re-introduced into the unit at the bottom of the column. The liquid
removed from the reboiler is known as the bottoms
product or simply, bottoms.
热量被供给至再沸器，使其生成蒸气。热输入的来源可以是任何适合的液体，不过大多数化工厂通常使用蒸汽作为热源。在炼油厂，热源可以是其他塔的输出物料。再沸器中蒸发上升的蒸气被再次从塔底引入精馏塔。再沸器中排出的液体被称作塔釜馏出物，或简称为釜排。
The vapour moves up the column,
and as it exits the top of the unit, it is cooled by a
condenser. The condensed liquid is stored in a holding
vessel known as the reflux drum. Some of this liquid
is recycled back to the top of the column and this is called the
reflux. The condensed liquid that is removed from the
system is known as the distillate or top
product.
蒸气沿塔上移，从塔顶排出时，经冷凝器冷凝。冷凝液储存于被称为回流罐的收集容器内。部分冷凝液被再循环回塔顶，该过程称为回流。从系统中移除的冷凝液被称为精馏物或塔顶馏出。
Thus, there are internal
flows of vapour and liquid within the column as well as
external flows of feeds and product streams, into and
out of the column.
因此，精馏塔内部存在气液流，外部存在进料和产品流等进出塔流。
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