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代词的基本用法及注意事项

2008-08-02 12:21阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/1506167061

代词的基本用法及注意事项

代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词。本文仅对前七类代词的基本用法和注意事项加以讲解，连接代词和关系代词的用法请参照相关的名词性从句和定语从句。
1、人称代词
人称代词分主格和宾格两种。作主语时用主格(I, you, he, she, it, we, they)，作宾语时用宾格(me, you, him, her, it, us, them)，作表语时常用宾格。但需注意：
（1）在口语中，作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。
—Does any of you know where Tom lives?
—Me.
What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!
（2）作表语时，人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
（3）在比较级的句子中，than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：
He is taller than me(I).
但在下列句中，使用主格与宾格人称代词在句意上有区别：
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and sh
e likes him, too.
2、物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词。它分形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)和名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)。在使用物主代词时需注意：
（1）形容词性物主代词只能作定语，如my brother。名词性物主代词代替的是“形容词性物主代词+名词”，因此其后不能再加名词，可在句中作主语、宾语和表语。如：
It’s not my computer. Mine is on the desk.
He is a close friend of ours.
（2）在表示身体具体部位时，常用定冠词代替物主代词。如：
He was wounded in the leg.
He took me by the arm.
3、反身代词
反身代词（oneself）在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语。如：
She is not quite herself today.
I myself can repair the bike.
其注意事项为：
（1）反身代词不能作主语。如：
Herself called you up last night. (wrong)
She called you up last night herself.
（2）反身代词不能作并列宾语。如：
The tickets are for you, Mr. Wang and myself. (wrong)
The tickets are for you, Mr. Wang and me.
4、相互代词
英语中只有两个相互代词：each other和one another。其注意事项为：
（1）相互代词在句中通常只能作宾语。其所有格为：each other’s 、one another’s。
5、指示代词
指示代词有this, that, these, those, it, such, same等，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。关于指示代词需注意以下事项：
（1）this（these）和that（those）的区别
① this (these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物；而that (those) 则指时间和空间上较远的人或物。如：
This is a pen and that is a pencil.
② this(these) 常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that(those) 则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。如：
I want to tell you this: The English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
③ this在电话用语中用以自我介绍，that用以询问对方。如：
This is Tom speaking. Is that Jane?
④ this和that可以作副词用，表示程度。如：
I can only promise you this much. (I can’t promise that much.)
（2）such和same的注意事项
① such用作定语时，它所修饰名词前的不定冠词a(an)应放在such之后。如：
We have never seen such a tall building.
② same指“同样的”人或事，其前面要用定冠词the。如：
Whether he can do it or not, it is all the same to me.
6、疑问代词
常用的疑问代词有who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what, whatever等。疑问代词一般放在句首，用来构成特殊疑问句，可用主语、宾语、表语和定语。其注意事项为：
（1）who/what
询问姓名或关系时用who; 询问职业或地位时用what。如：
--Who is he? --He is my brother./He is Henry.
--What is he？ --He is a lawyer/teacher.
（2）which与who、what
which是指在已确定的某一范围内的选择，其后可跟of短语；而who、what则用于未知范围内进行选择或提问，因此其后不能跟of短语。如：
I found two books on the desk. Which is yours?
They look so alike that I can hardly tell which is which.
There is somebody in the room, but who is it?
What fruit do like best?
（3）whoever, whatever和whichever分别为who, what, which的强调形式，相当于who/what/which on earth，意为“到底（究竟）谁/什么/哪一个。如：
Whatever do you want?
Whoever gave you the book?
（4）what 可用以表示“多少”，如：
What is the population of your city?
What’s the distance from your home to the school?
7、不定代词
不定代词主要有：all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等，以及由some、any、no和every构成的合成代词。其基本用法及主要注意事项如下：
（1）some与any
some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。如：
He has some Chinese paintings.
Ask me if you have any questions.
Do you have any questions to ask?
I don’t know any of the students.
应注意：
① any可用于肯定句，表示“任何”之意。
Any child can do that.
② some可用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。
Smith went to some place in England.
③ some可用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。
Would you like some bananas? （邀请）
Mum, could you give me some money? (请求)
④ some和any在句中还可作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度，意为“稍，丝毫”。如：
There are some 300 workers on strike.
Do you feel any better today?
（2）any和every
① any既可以作定语，又可以单独使用，代替上文出现过的名词，其后可跟of短语；而every只能作定语，不能单独使用，其后不可跟of短语。如：
Give me some if there is any.
I don’t think any of my friends have seen them.
Every man and woman must obey this rule.
② any + 名词表示“（三个或三个以上中的）任何一个”，强调的是某一群体当中的任何一个，而every + 名词则是表示“（三个或三个以上中的）每一个”，强调的是某一群体的全体，相当于all。如：
I have many books here, and you can take any of them.
Every student has to take the examination. (=All the students have to take the examination.)
③在含有not的否定句中，any是全部否定，而every则是部分否定。如：
There won’t be any trouble.
Not every horse can run fast.
（3）each和every
① each用来强调两个或两个以上的人或物中的任何一个，强调的是个体， 它既可以跟名词，也可以单独使用，而every只用于三个或三个以上的人或物，强调的是全体，它只能作定语。如：
Each side of the street is lined with tall trees.
You must search every corner of the house to find it.
② 表示部分否定应用every，而不能用each。
Every student in our class has not a dictionary.
③ each可作主语的同位语，此时谓语的数依然由主语决定。如：
We each have a dictionary.
（4）both, either和all
① both指“两个人或事物都…”；either表示“两者中任何一个”，指的是个体，可修饰或代替单数可数名词；all指“三个或三个以上都…”。如：
They all/both attended David’s wedding.
Both roads lead to the village, so you can choose either.
None/neither of them is a teacher.
② both作主语时，其谓语必须用复数；either作主语时，谓语用单数；而all作主语时，若代表可数的人或物，其意义为复数，谓语用复数。若代表的是不可数名词或事情或事物的整体时，谓语用单数。
Both methods are good.
Either of the planes is equally dangerous.
All (the people) were silent.
All was silent.
③ 在含有not的否定句中，both和all都是表示部分否定。要表示完全否定，both用neither，all用none。如：
Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。
Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。
All the ants don’t go out for food. 并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。
None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。
④ both和all不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：
Both my parents like this film.
All the /these boys are tall.
（5）neither和none
① neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词。None表示“三个或三个以上的人或物中没有一个”。如：
Neither boy knows French.
None of his friends came to see him.
② neither作主语时，谓语通常用单数；none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。
（6）no，no one和none
① no等于not any, 其后可跟各种名词，只能作定语。No one等于nobody,只能指人，其后不能跟of短语。none既可指人，也可指物，可与of短语连用，但不可以作定语。如：
She has no sister(s).
There is no one in the room.
None (of his friends) came to see him.
② no one或nobody常用来回答who引导的疑问句；nothing常用于回答what引导的疑问句；而none则用于回答how much/how many引导的疑问句。如：
Who is in the room? --No one/Nobody.
How many people are there in the room now? --None.
③ no one, nobody, nothing所表示的“没人”或“没东西”是泛指的概念，即说话人不知具体是什么人或物；而none则是特指的概念，即说话人是在表示上文已确定的人或事物当中没有一个。如：
I need someone to help me, but there is no one here.
I need something to drink, but there is nothing.
I need some students to help me to carry the tools for experiment, but there is none here.
--Is there anyone in that room? --No, no one.
--Is there anything in that room? --No, nothing.
--Is there any student in that room? --No, none.
（7）one (ones)，the one (the ones), that (those)
① one用来替代前面出现的单数可数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an + 前面的单数可数名词，ones是它的复数形式；the one则表示特指，有时也可用that替代，相当于the + 前面特指的单数可数名词；the ones及those则是它们的复数形式。如：
Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present, one (=a present) that I had never seen.
The book on the desk is better than the one/that (=the book) under the desk.
② that除了可以替代单数可数名词，还可以替代不可数名词，相当于the + 前面的不可数名词。如：
The weather here is worse than that (=the weather) in Beijing.
③ 如果替代的是前面可数名词所表示的同一件（些）事物，则需用it 或they(them)。the one, that(those)仅表示是同一类，但不是同一件（些）。试比较：
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(同类中的某一件)
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不是同一件)
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一件)
（8）another, other，others, the other, the others
① another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个。
This coat is too dark. Please show me another (coat).
注意：another + 数词 + 复数名词时，意为“再，又”。如：
Please give me another ten minutes.
② other只作定语，不能单独使用，其后跟的是可数名词复数或不可数名词。其表示的“其他的，另外的”是泛指概念。如：
There are other ways of doing this exercise.
但当other前加上了修饰词时，其后可跟单数可数名词。如：
Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.
Do you have any other book on this subject?
③ others泛指别的人或物，相当于other + 复数名词。Others不能作定语，其后不可再跟名词。如：
Some people like tea, others like coffee and others like milk.
④ the other特指“两者中的另一个”。若the other后跟复数可数名词，则指“其余的人或物”。如：
One of my brothers is named Richard, the other named Frank.
Two of the experts are from the USA and the other experts from China.
⑤ the others相当于the other + 复数名词，它不能做定语，其后不可再跟名词。如：
Only some students are in the classroom. Where are the others (=the other students)?
（9）复合不定代词
① 复合不定代词都不可接of短语，但some one, every one, any one都是两个词，之后可接of短语，但no one不可接of短语。
② 不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。如：
Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?
但在口语中也可用they, their和them。如：
Someone did not go to the meeting, did they?
（10）few, a few, many, little, a little, much
① few, a few, many代替或修饰可数名词复数；little和a little代替或修饰不可数名词。few和little表示否定。
② little, a little和much可以用以代替笼统的事情或情况，表示程度。如：
I have so much in common with you.
He often speaks little.

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