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CFA1总结:Financial Reporting and Analysis(1)

2010-01-20 08:47阅读:
在奋斗了半年多之后,终于在09年12月6日到香港参加了一级考试,现在成绩还没出来,希望可以顺利通过,已经买了二级的书,准备开始看了。继续每天下班回家刻苦奋斗几个月!

考试后休息了一个多月了,把09年整理的CFA1的总结帖上来给后人多一点点参考,大家加油哦!

CFA1总结:Financial Reporting and Analysis(1)

1. 财务简介
l 财务报表要素elements:assets, liabilities, owners’ equity, revenues, expenses。要素Elements 下分很多账户 accounts
l Contra accounts 抵消账户:固定资产总是记为购置价格,同时再把累计折旧记为抵消账户(accumulated depreciation)
l 各种缩写:
n PP&E( property, plant, and equipment)
n COGS( cost of goods sold)
n SG&A( selling, general, and administrative expenses)
l 权益=已投资本+期初留存收益+收入–支出–股息
l 复式记账法:double–entry accounting 若增加资产,则必须同时减少一项资产,或者增加一项负债或权益
l 责权发生制(accrual accounting)
l 计价基础(bases of measurement):historical cost, current cost, realizable value, present value, fair value.
l 财务的两大假设:Two primary a
ssumptions : accrual basis 责权发生制, going concern assumption 持续经营
l GAAP vs. IFRS:


FASB(GAAP)
IASB(IFRS)
框架目标
不在GAAP的最高层hierarchy
在某项目没有适用的标准时必须使用IASB框架
财务报表目标
经营与非经营财务报告的目标不同
只有一个目标
假设

更重视“持续经营”的假设
财务报告的质量要求
Relevance, reliability
Relevance, reliability,
comparability, understandability.
财务报告要素
Revenues, expenses, gains, losses, comprehensive imcome.
Income, expenses
定义asset为未来经济收益
定义asset为未来经济收益的来源
用probable来定义asset和liability
用probable来定义认定费项的标准
不允许向上调整资产价值
允许
对收入的定义
……
Income包含revenue和gains
库存认定标准
允许使用LIFO
除了LIFO
少数股东权益
负债or权益or夹层mezzanine section
记在权益(作为减项)
R&D created internally的无形资产
R&D的成本都费用化
R费用化,D资本化
对comprehensive income的报告:
可以在损益表中(below net income),或单独列一份comprehensive income的报告,或在股东权益变更报表中;
则不要求comprehensive income的报告。

2. 损益表(利润表)
l 支出expense可以按照nature(如各种折旧)或function(如COGS)来合并。
l 对控股的子公司,需要将子公司的net Income合并到母公司的损益表中来,并且增加minority owners’ interest少数股东权益(子公司中不为母公司拥有的股份比例)作为减项。(GAAP:放在负债or权益or夹层mezzanine section,IFRS:权益)。
收入确认方法
l Revenue when earned , expense when incurred.(例外:长期合同、分期付款等)
l Revenue的定义:
n IASB:包括revenue和gains。资产增加,或负债减少导致的权益增加(但不包括来自投资者的新出资);
n FASB:a、realized or realizable,b、earned
l 长期合同(以已消耗的成本为基准)
n Service contracts or licensing agreements:在合同周期平均认定revenue。
n 当成本与收益(产出outcome)能可靠计量时:百分比法percentage–of–completion method,按照成本的消耗来计量revenue和expense、profit。
n GAAP, 当收益无法可靠计量或短期合同时:完成法completed–contract method,则Revenue, expense, profit 都在完工时认定。
n IFRS当收益无法可靠计量时:成本回收法。revenue认定的额度与已消耗的成本相等, expense按照已消耗的成本来认定(所以当期的profit为0),总的profit要在完工时才认定。
l 分期付款的销售(以收到的款项为基准)
n 当款项回收可可靠确定时,按一般标准认定销售收入。
n 当款项回收难以评估时,用installment method:Profit认定为所收款*总成本占总收入的比例。
n 当款项回收不确定性很高时,用成本回收法cost recovery method:当所收款超过总成本时,才开始认定profit。
n IFRS规定:分期付款法适用于:1、商品交付日与购买者收益日不同;2、商品的风险与利得还没转移给购买者;3、非常不确定购买者是否能完成此买卖时。
l 实物交易(barter transactions)
n GAAP:以该公司历史上曾收到该商品或服务的付款作为本次revenue认定的公允价值。
n IFRS:以与非关联企业发生过非实物的类似交易作为revenue认定的公允价值。
l 总收益报告(gross revenue and COGS)、净收益报告(Net revenue,适用于机票代售等不需要负担库存风险等行业)
支出确认方法
l 一般的,支出要与所产生的收益在同一个时期认定。(matching principle)
n 特殊1:期间成本period costs:如销售、管理、行政费用,在支出时认定。
n 特殊2:长期资产的成本与revenue匹配,在long–lived asset的生命周期进行摊销、折旧、消耗depletion。
n 特殊3:信用销售或有保修条款时,坏账计提准备支出与保修费支出在sale时认定。
损益表的其他要点
l 加速折旧法中的定率递减法declining balance method(DB):double–declining balance(DDB):折旧额=(成本–累计折旧)* ( 2 / 可用年限 ),加速折旧到剩下残值为止(若没有残值,则到最后改用SL法)
l 无形资产需要进行摊销,但无固定生命期限的不摊销,而是每年进行一次减值测试。
l Nonrecurring items:
n 停止经营discontinued operations:在continuing operating income下面报告,净税,并且之前的财务报告要重新处理。损失及时认定,收益在部门出售后认定。
n 非经常或少见科目unusual or infrequent items: 在continuing operating income以上报告,税前。
n GAAP:异常项目extraordinary items:both unusual and infrequent,在continuing operating income以下报告,净税。但IFRS不允许异常项目与continuing operating income分离。
l Accounting standards的改变:
n 会计原则变更(accounting principle:IFRS/GAAP)需要进行retrospective application,修改前期报告。
n 会计估计变更(accounting estimate)根据新信息,对资产估价变更,只改动今后的报表prospective
n 错误纠正(accounting error) prior–period adjustment,所有前期的报表都要改动。
每股收益的计算EPS
l Basic EPS = (net Income – 优先股股利)/ 加权平均股份数
l 加权平均股份数的计算根据在市场上流通的月份长短来计算(只计算普通股)
l Stock dividend 送股 、stock split 拆股:送股拆股之后的股份变动不需要做送股拆股的调整。见P65的例子。
l Diluted EPS
n 每种dilute都需要分开进行测试,看是是否真的能稀释EPS,否则,该变化不认为是转化为普通股,不参与diluted EPS的计算。(见P69–72的3个例子、P82题17)
n 优先股转换成普通股时,调整分母,分子要加上优先股股利。
n 债券转换成普通股时,调整分母,分子加上债券利息*(1–税率),因为债券利息支出是免税的,当转变成普通股时,这部分利息支出可以省下来,但是要被扣税。
n Stock options and warrants (只当执行价格低于市场平均价格时)产生新的普通股时,用treasury stock method调整分母,分子不受影响。
n treasury stock method:执行期权、认股权证时得到的收入全部用来以市场平均价格回购股份,从而有净发行股=认股时新发行股份–回购的股份
其他
l 实际所得税率Effective tax rate = income tax expense / pre–tax income:
n income tax expense是根据会计收入中的应纳税部分与法定税率计算而来的(剔除了免税或减免部分),从而,effective rate 与法定税率一般不一样(一般比法定税率要小,因为pre–tax income中包含了可以免税等部分)
n income tax payable是根据税法认定的收入中的应纳税部分与法定税率计算而来的(剔除了免税或减免部分),从而,与income tax expense之间存在暂时性、永久性差异。
例题:5.Enduring Corp. operates in a country where net income from sales of goods are taxed at 40 percent, net gains from sales of investments are taxed at 20 percent, and net gains from sales of used equipment are exempt from tax. Installment sale revenues are taxed upon receipt.
For the year ended December 31, 2004, Enduring recorded the following before taxes were considered:
§ Net income from the sale of goods was $2,000,000, half was received in 2004 and half will be received in 2005.
§ Net gains from the sale of investments were $4,000,000, of which 25 percent was received in 2004 and the balance will be received in the 3 following years.
§ Net gains from the sale of equipment were $1,000,000, of which 50 percent was received in 2004 and 50 percent in 2005.
On its financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2004, Enduring should apply an effective tax rate of:
A) 22.86% and increase its deferred tax liability by $1,000,000.
B) 22.86% and increase its deferred tax asset by $1,000,000.
C) 8.57%.
D) 26.67% and increase its deferred tax liability by $1,000,000.
The correct answer was A)
Total taxes eventually due on 2004 activities were (($2,000,000 * 0.40) + ($4,000,000 * 0.20) =) $1,600,000. Permanent differences are adjusted in the effective tax rate, which is ($1,600,000 / $7,000,000 =) 22.86%. Of the $1,600,000 taxes due, (($2,000,000 * 0.50 * 0.40) + ($4,000,000 * 0.25 * 0.20) =) $600,000 were paid in 2004 and $1,000,000 ($1,600,000 – $600,000) is added to deferred tax liability.
l Comprehensive income = net income + other comprehensive income = 除了与股份持有人之间发生的交易之外的其他所有能影响所有者权益的事项。

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