高考英语书面表达—概要写作高分技巧及训练
2020-10-03 20:43阅读：
高考英语书面表达—概要写作高分技巧及训练
【技巧点拨】
写概要写作时要先读懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者观点，抓关键词，筛选与主旨有关的主要信息。然后，借助已掌握的语言知识，对原语篇进行“浓缩”，写出一个新的语篇。而新的语篇，既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。
一、写作步骤
考生可以从以下五个步骤来进行概要写作：
1．通读全文，判断体裁
一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理，能否把握文章的体裁，都是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此，通读全文可以为考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨和结构、行文逻辑，判断文章的体裁奠定基础。
2．查找信息，分清主次
概要写作，要求考生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信息的能力。在第二遍细读时，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，把次要信息剔除，以免影响概要写作的简洁性；同时，要养成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。
3．概括大意，提炼内容
考生在理解全文内容，弄清主次关系之后，可以初步写出每段的段
落大意，注意要忠于原文，避免出现遗漏要点或增添要点的情况。
4．获取要点，灵活表达
为了使所写概要简明、扼要，要对罗列的每段大意进行整合；同时为了避免使用原文的句子，需要考生灵活采用同义词或近义词进行替换，用不同的句式进行转换，并在必要的地方使用连接词，使表达连贯通顺。
5．检查修改，整理誊写
写完初稿后，需要在内容上、语言上以及上下文的连贯性上进行检查：看是否包括了原文的所有要点，语言词汇的运用是否准确和地道，以及行文是否流畅；另外，还要注意词数限制和书写规范。
二、概要写作要做到以下几点：
1.简洁性：即用尽量少的语言对较长原文的简洁重述；
2.自主性：即用自己的话语进行概写，避免对原文进行抄袭照搬；
3.理解性：即表现作者对原文本的精准理解。需要注意的是，考生不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法，或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I
believe”, “I think”等字句；
4.忠实性：即概写内容和中心思想必须忠于原文主旨，不可偏离主题、肆意篡改；
5.连贯性：概要写作并非简单罗列要点，各个要点之间要有恰当衔接，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
三、阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
(3)上下文的连贯性;
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
四、改写句子基本方法
1．同义替换法
Tom thought of an
idea.
→An idea occurred to
Tom.
2．正话反说法
I think wealth is less important than
health.
→I don’t think wealth is more
important than health.
3．词性转换法
Your suggestions are super
valuable.
→Your suggestions are of great
value.
4．利用介词短语法
We are sure to finish it in time
because so many people are helping us.
→With so many people helping us,
we are sure to finish it in time.
5．句式变化法
(1)语态变换
It is widely accepted that more people
use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the
world today.
(2)简单句变复合句
The weather turned out to be very
good.This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be
very good, which was more than we could
expect.
(3)连词衔接法
He insisted on staying.He was not
willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather
than going.
(4)词序改变法
Professor White,
Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the
meeting.
→Present at the meeting were
Professor White, Professor Smith and many other
guests.
(5)利用特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents
want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so
do his parents.
五、高分技巧
【技巧点拨】
写概要写作时要先读懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者观点，抓关键词，筛选与主旨有关的主要信息。然后，借助已掌握的语言知识，对原语篇进行“浓缩”，写出一个新的语篇。而新的语篇，既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。
一）写作步骤
考生可以从以下五个步骤来进行概要写作：
1．通读全文，判断体裁
一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理，能否把握文章的体裁，都是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此，通读全文可以为考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨和结构、行文逻辑，判断文章的体裁奠定基础。
2．查找信息，分清主次
概要写作，要求考生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信息的能力。在第二遍细读时，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，把次要信息剔除，以免影响概要写作的简洁性；同时，要养成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。
3．概括大意，提炼内容
考生在理解全文内容，弄清主次关系之后，可以初步写出每段的段落大意，注意要忠于原文，避免出现遗漏要点或增添要点的情况。
4．获取要点，灵活表达
为了使所写概要简明、扼要，要对罗列的每段大意进行整合；同时为了避免使用原文的句子，需要考生灵活采用同义词或近义词进行替换，用不同的句式进行转换，并在必要的地方使用连接词，使表达连贯通顺。
5．检查修改，整理誊写
写完初稿后，需要在内容上、语言上以及上下文的连贯性上进行检查：看是否包括了原文的所有要点，语言词汇的运用是否准确和地道，以及行文是否流畅；另外，还要注意词数限制和书写规范。
二）改写句子基本方法
1．同义替换法
Tom thought of an
idea.
→An idea occurred to
Tom.
2．正话反说法
I think wealth is less important than
health.
→I don’t think wealth is more important
than health.
3．词性转换法
Your suggestions are super
valuable.
→Your suggestions are of great
value.
4．利用介词短语法
We are sure to finish it in time
because so many people are helping us.
→With so many people helping us, we are
sure to finish it in time.
5．句式变化法
(1)语态变换
It is widely accepted that more people
use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the world
today.
(2)简单句变复合句
The weather turned out to be very
good.This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very
good, which was more than we could expect.
(3)连词衔接法
He insisted on staying.He was not
willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than
going.
(4)词序改变法
Professor White,
Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the
meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor
White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)利用特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents
want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his
parents.
高分技巧：
【真题训练】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
【2019·浙江】Parents
everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z
Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We’ve gone to the
opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be
more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re
building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just
the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way
that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk
for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’
praise has put them.
Still, don’t go too far in the other
direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as
giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or
that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying
hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise?
Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the
quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the
outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that
deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our
children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a
goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go
of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to
remember is that it’s the process not the end product that
matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball
player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing
hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team
wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also
mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the
yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is,
praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate
(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into
it.
【参考范文】
Parents tend to go to extremes when it
comes to praising their kids.(要点1) However, both too
much and too little praise can be damaging.(要点2) When
giving praise, parents should be sincere and focus on the process
rather than the result.(要点3) They are supposed to give
praise according to how much effort their kids have put into the
work they chose to do.(要点4)
概要写作专项练习
1.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
While many
of us go to sleep before midnight, some teenagers choose to stay up
much later. They are not driven by the burning desire to write a
better essay or achieve a higher grade. Instead, they are busy
playing online games. Known as young Internet addicts, they have
long been a problem in China. A report released in 2016 by the
China Youth Association for Network Development showed that there
were over 24 million young Internet addicts among China’s young
urban Internet users. The report also said that over 18 million
youths had a tendency to develop Internet
addiction.
To deal
with the problem of Internet addiction among teenagers, the
Cyberspace Administration of China has released draft regulations
which carried out a ban on online gaming. If the regulations are
adopted，under-18s would be banned from playing online
games between midnight and 8 am.
As soon as
the government’s draft law surfaced, it drew great attention from
the public. Some applauded the law as a way to
better protect minors (未成年人)，saying that
too much overnight gaming is harmful to minors’ health and
believing the period between midnight and 8 am to be vital to human
physical functions. However, others wondered whether it would be
practical if it came into effect, as minors could just borrow their
parents’ IDs to register accounts to play online games. The
Guangming Daily suggested that parents should help their teenagers
find a balance between the cyber world and the real
world.
China is by no
means the only one trying to fight against teenager gaming
addiction. Germany introduced a regulation in 2002 in an attempt to
stop minors from playing online games from 10 pm to 6 am.
Meanwhile，the UK，the US and Australia
have forced a rating system on computer games to make sure that
teenagers cannot access “adult” content such as
violence，sex or bad language.
【答案】
Many teenagers in China have become
addicted to overnight online games. Thus，the
government released a draft law to solve the long-lasting issue.
Some people welcomed the law because it is beneficial to the
teenagers’ health，while others doubted whether it
would be effective. Actually, many other countries have also been
making laws against the youth online addiction.
2.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A group of
scientists led by Song Mingyang at the Massachusetts General
Hospital analyzed data from two major studies involving more than
150,000 participants to determine whether people who consumed
protein(蛋白质) from red and processed meats had a
significantly higher death rate than those who got their protein
from plants. The analysis of the 32year Nurses’ Health Study,
followed by the Health Professionals FollowUp Study at Harvard
University，didn’t just look at the diets of the
participants over a
year. It stared repeatedly—specifically how often they consumed
portions of particular types of food during the previous
years—every four years.
Song’s team found that a 10 percent increase
generally in proteins from animals resulted in a 2 percent increase
in death，and an 8 percent rise in death risk from
heart disease. But a 3 percent increase in protein from plants led
to a 10 percent decrease in death and a 12 percent drop in risk of
death from cardiovascularrelated (心血管相关的)
death.
“The
findings are clear,” said Song. “A research fellow at the
hospital’s Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit concluded
that plantbased proteins from sources such as
beans，nuts，quinoa and seeds are a
healthier choice than steaks or beef products such as hot dogs. I
wouldn’t suggest that everyone switch to people not eating any
animal products. That’s because certain meats—chicken
and fish，for
example—also result in a much lower death risk overall and from
heart disease.”
“But the traditional American
diet，popular with animal products such as
burgers，meatballs，meatloaf，steaks，eggs
and dairy，is associated with a variety of bad
outcomes, ” Song said. In some cases, it’s not just that meat is
bad and plants are good. Processed meats are filled with
potentially unhealthy additives
(添加剂)．Song said he set about the study
because while others have suggested healthy benefits from a
plantbased diet, none looked at the source of protein. “We were
able to link information over the years. The data from the two
large, longterm studies provided a unique opportunity to look at
longterm health outcomes, ” he said.
【答案】Some researchers surveyed many
people for years to find whether protein from meat or plants brings
a higher death rate to human. Researchers have found that protein
from plants works better at reducing death rate. But a balanced
amount of meat is also good at reducing death rate. Song’s study
has stated the source of proteins and figured out the benefits of
animal products.
3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Mount Fuji
is a worldfamous mountain in Japan. It is one of Japan’s “Three
Holy Mountains” along with Mount Tate and Mount
Haku.
Mount Fuji
is 3,776 meters high，and its perfect beautiful shape
can be seen from all around. Mount Fuji presents different faces in
different seasons. In Japan，people describe the
mountain as “Diamond Fuji” when it is at dawn
or dusk and as “Red Fuji” when the mountain is lit by the early
morning sun.
Mount Fuji is an
important part of Japanese culture. The mountain has been the
subject of numerous works of art. It has also been part of Japan’s
ancient faiths.
Mount Fuji is one
of the world’s classic examples of a strato
volcano(层状火山), meaning that it is formed from many
layers (层) of hardened lava (硬化熔岩) that
has spread to produce a huge base. The last eruption
(爆发) of Mount Fuji was in 1707.
There is a
collection of hot springs and lakes nestled around Mount Fuji. The
views over the springs are wonderful，with endless blue
water，fresh green water plants and fish swimming
lazily. You can soak (浸泡) in outdoor hot springs while
admiring the view of Mount Fuji and have Japanese
food，such as fresh sweet fish.
At the
northern foot of the mountain, about 1,000 meters above sea level,
is the Fuji Five Lake area. The shores of the lakes are decorated
with seasonal flowers. The image of Mount Fuji reflected on a lake
surface is called “UpsideDown Fuji” in Japan.
The Japanese used to believe that God
lived on Mount Fuji. Japan’s highest mountain and highest volcano
is closely woven (编织) into the country’s legends and
art，and is drawing thousands of
tourists.
【答案】 Mount Fuji is one
of Japan’s “Three Holy Mountains”. It presents different faces in
different seasons. It is one of the world’s classic examples of a
strato volcano. Around it there is a collection of hot springs and
lakes. Seasonal flowers make the shores of the lakes beautiful. It
attracts thousands of tourists.
4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A million
people will live on Mars within one hundred years. This is the
brave expectation of Elon
Musk，the founder of the space technology company Space
X．“We need to fully focus on becoming a multiplanet
civilization. That’s the next step,” he said in a recent interview
with Aeon. Musk expects to see about 80,000 people living on Mars
by 2040.
It’s all
about protecting the human race from
extinction，according to Musk. The Earth has always
been a ticking (滴答作响的) time bomb.
As the sun begins to die，it will grow
bigger，becoming what is known as a Red Giant. In 500
million years，the sun will have
become large enough to kill any plant and animal life on the
Earth，according to US scientist Edward Guinan. In a
billion years，the Earth will have become a hot planet
with little or no water.
The brave dream of
getting the human race to Mars is not only
Musk’s；others have made plans，too. A
Dutch company set up the Mars One Foundation，hoping to
be the first project to put humans on Mars. It received over
200,000 applications to become part of the first group of
astronauts to go there. According to Mars One，human
settlement on Mars is possible with existing
technologies.
Water，food，energy and oxygen are needed
for life anywhere. According to Mars One，water that
was still in the Martian soil would be boiled and taken out. By
using a process called “electrolysis”，astronauts could
turn water into hydrogen and oxygen for breathing. Astronauts on
the international space station have already done similar things.
Food can also be grown in space. Certain plants such as lettuces
and onions can be grown using LED light for different color
spectra(光谱) and much less heat. NASA has been reaching
this to prepare for visiting Mars.
【答案】According to Elon Musk, many people
will live on Mars in the near future. By doing so, human beings can
avoid being ruined by the increasingly bigger sun. Luckily, the
dream for human to settle on Mars is made possible. Continuous
scientific research can make water, food, energy and oxygen
available in space and on
Mars.
5.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Computers have changed the way a
business functions to a large extent. In the past, corporate houses
rented spaces for running accounting departments.It took months
together to figure out profit or loss that a business had made or
suffered.However, computers have become the backbone of all
businesses now. Today, computers are used beyond bookkeeping
(记账) purposes too. Almost everything that happens in
an organization is recorded, worked upon and evaluated with the
help of computers.
Imagining our lives without computers
is next to impossible. Computers were initially used only in
workplaces. However, they soon became a household name, which
revolutionized everything from school homework to grocery shopping.
When the Internet came into being，it caused a great
change in the way we functioned. Over a period of
time，computers enabled working from home, which
created a new type of employment.This gave usage of computers,
within the confines (界限) of homes，a new
part.As technology
progressed，simple things such as
shopping，booking tickets，buying a new
house，searching for schools and colleges, researching
for projects and medical information became a lot easier with entry
of computers in every
household.
As an indispensable tool in our lives,
computers have changed the way we think in more ways than one.
Today, all you have to do about finding answers is just “Google
it”! The online world of blogging, instant
messaging, chatting and social networking not only leaves virtual
traces, but unites the world in a completely unimagined way.This
powerful medium is the great mode of mass communication which
affects our thinking by providing people with
a platform to voice their opinions and begin discussions that have
brought about a change in the world.
Computers have pushed us to see
different worlds and experience different cultures.The revolution
in Egypt is the latest example of how computers changed the world.
Today the identity of information technology is computers.
Invention of this machine has changed the world’s perspective about
cultures, economics, history and current affairs.The advent
(到来) of computers has no doubt brought a revolutionary
change in our existence.
【答案】Computers have brought great
changes to our lives for the past few
years.Firstly，computers have changed the traditional
way that people do business greatly.Secondly, computers have become
an important part of our lives and benefited
us in many ways. Besides, computers have changed our way of
thinking. More importantly, computers allow us to experience
different cultures without leaving home. In conclusion, computers
have been one of the greatest inventions.
6.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Punishing
children is a controversial (争议的) topic. Everybody has
different opinions about how to act to correct a child’s behavior.
People have disagreements about whether it is good for a child’s
education to punish him.
The word
“punish” means different things to different people. Punishment can
be physical or emotional. Physical punishment
is when the parent hits the child. On the other hand, emotional
punishment is when the parent, in order to
educate the child, doesn’t let him watch TV, go to play with his
friends, or do things like that.
Although
many surveys and studies have showed what the correct way is to
raise a child，nobody has the answer or the truth.
There is no such thing as agreed standard about raising a child, so
I think it will be very difficult to get everyone to
agree.
I think
parents should love their child and give him or her the best
education, but at the same time, they should punish the child
properly if he or she deserves it. The parent’s goal is to have a
good man or woman in society in the future, so sometimes you should
do what is necessary to get your child to behave
well.
【答案】People
have mixed opinions towards punishment to children. There are
mainly physical and emotional punishment. As a matter of fact, it
is difficult to find the agreed standard to raise a child. Proper
punishment can be instructive and necessary to children while love
and education are the most important for us to make our kids behave
well.
