The Negative form of the Infinitive.
Teaching methods: Review, Explanation and Inductive
method.
Teaching aids: blackboard and exercise.
Teaching periods: five periods
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
Step 2. Lead in
Step 3.New lesson
1.
form : to do
,有时可以不带to ,to 仅是个符号，本身无意义。
2.
functions.
A.
主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首。表示一次性的，具体的动作。口语中常用It
作形式主语。
e.g. To know something about English is one thing; to know English
is quite another.
主+动词（think, consider, make, find…）+it +adj./n.+infinitive.
e.g. I thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it.
He considers it his duty to help others.
注意：①
动名词和不定式都可作主语和表语，但动名词常表示经常性的，抽象的动作，而不定式表示特指，一次性的，具体的动作。若表语是不定式或动名词，那主语也必须与之一致。
e.g. To see is to believe.
②不定式作表语时也常用来表示预定要发生的动作，或表示未来的可能性或假设。
e.g. All you have to do is (to ) finish the job quickly.
③ 当主语部分含有动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.
e..g. What he wants to do is (to ) finish his homework ahead of
time.
B
.作宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后面。
e.g. I decided
to buy a book . ( object)
Question: Now can you think of any other verbs followed by
the infinitive as their objects?
Want, agree, decide , manage, wish, hope, ask, happen, choose,
prevent, promise, plan, expect, demand, offer, refuse, believe and
so on.
注：少数介词后可接动词不定式作宾语，如but, except, besides 等。
e.g. It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
He has nothing to do but go to bed.
注：介词前有实义动词do时，介词后不跟to， 否则，反之。
下列动词可接动词不定式或动名词作宾语，但意义不同：
Forget, regret, try , go on ,remember, stop , mean etc.
注：如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加for引起的短语，即“for+名词（或代词宾语）+to do
.名词（或代词宾格）形式上是for 的宾语，但意义上可以说是不定式语，即不定式的逻辑主语，以区别于语法上的主语。
e.g. It is good for us to take part in physical labor.=To take part
in physical labor for us is good .
某些表示人的品行的adj.(e.g. kind, good, nice, wrong, careless, wise,
foolish, polite, clever, right, unwise, stupid, thoughtful, rude,
silly ,impolite etc.)作表语时，不定式前可用of 引起的短语，即：be + adj. + of +
n./pron. + to do.
e.g. It is kind of you to repair my bicycle .=you are so kind to
repair my bicycle.
It was stupid of her to make such a mistake.=she
was stupid to make such a mistake.
C.
不定式作补语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。e.g.
hear someone
call my name
常用于以下四类动词宾语的后面：
a.
实义动词：advise, allow, ask , beg, cause, challenge, drive,
encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, intend, invite, order,
permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn
etc.
b.
使役动词：see, notice, observe, look at, watch , let make, have,
hear, listen to , feel ,help.(五看，三使役，二听， 一感， 半帮助)
注意：help sb. to do sth. 表主语没有参与不定式所表示的动作。
help sb do sth.
表主语参与了不定式所表示的动作。
c.
表示心理状态的动词：consider, find ,prove, know, feel, pretend, imagine,
understand, suppose etc, 它们的宾补常常是to be or to have done.
e.g. I consider you
(to be) a good student.
d.
动词短语：arrange for ,call on, care for, depend on , long for ,
wait for etc.
e.g. You can’t depend on him to come on time.
The second period（不定式的特殊用法）
在下列结构后接不带to 的不定式：
had rather (宁愿) ,had better（最好）,had best
（最好）,would rather do / would rather do than do/ would sooner do
than do 宁愿……而不愿……，may (might) as well
还是……的好；
e.g. We may as well go an have a look.我们还是去看一下吧！
The soliders would rather/sooner die than teach
you.
Why…/why not…表示建议的句型中。
e.g.
Why not have a try again?/Why spend
so much money?
介词 but, besides, than,save等前若有实义动词do 时，常用无to
的不定式作其介词的宾语。但无实义动词do时，后面的to必须还原。
e.g. What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳，你还爱好什么？
He did nothing else than laugh.他只是笑笑而己。
There is no choice but to wait till it stops
raining.
Can but do 只能：I can but try.我只能试一试。
Can not but do 不得不；只好：eg.I cannot but wait.
Cannot choose but do只得
Cannot help but do=can not help doing.不得不，禁不住，忍不住
e.g.I cannot help but admire his courage.=I cannot help admiring
his courage.
D.作定语：修饰名词或代词的词，短语或从句称为定语。动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。
e.g.He said he had an important
meeting to
attend.(动宾关系)
He was
the last one to leave the
classroom.(主谓关系)
I have
no wish to quarrel with
you.(同位关系)我不想和你争吵。
This is
the best way to do
that.(修饰关系)这是做那件事最好的办法。
注1：用作定语的不定式或它修饰的词在意义上有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。若被修饰的词是place,time或way时，则通常省略不定式后的介词。
e.g.Give me a piece of paper to write on.=Give me a piece of
paper on which I can write.
注2:当名词用特定的定语，如first,last,next,only等及形容词最高级修饰时，其后用不定式修饰。
e.g.He is the only person to know the truth.
第三课时：
E.作状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。不定式作状语可以修饰动词，表示目的，结果或原因。
a.表示目的：
不定式作目的状语时，常用so as to 或in order to+to do 来表示。
e.g.I decided to work harder in order/so as to catch up with the
others.
He went home to see his parents.
She uses a computer to write articles.
b. 表示结果：（常与only连用，暗示一种“意外的结果”）
e.g. What have I said to make you unhappy?
常用句型：
So+adj.+as to …;such (n.)+as to…
e.g.He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
…enough (for sb.) to…
e.g. This book is easy enough for me to read.
The ice is thick enough to walk on.
…too…to…
e.g.He is too young to join the army.
…only to …常表示未曾料到的结果
e.g. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
I want to see him only to find him out.
c.表示原因：
e.g. I am glad to hear the news.
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或谓语所表示的情况等。这类adj.或过去分词有：happy,
lucky, glad, sorry, anxious,proud, disappointed, angry,
surprised,ready,delighted, clever,foolish,pleased,right,etc.
e.g. I was surprised to see him there.
3.动词不定式的形式（时态和语态）
类别
|
语 态
时 态
|
主 动
|
被 动
|
动
词
不
定
式
|
一般式
|
to write
|
to be written
|
进行式
|
to be writing
|
|
完成式
|
to have written
|
to have been written
|
完成进行式
|
to have been writing
|
|
(1)不定式的时态的用法：
A． 不定式的一般式的用法：所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。
e.g.He saw her go upstairs.(“saw”和“to go ”两个动作几乎同时发生。)
They invited me to go for an
outing with them this coming Saturday.( to go for an
outing的动作发生在invited 之后。)
B． “进行式”表示谓语动作（或状态）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。
e.g.He seems to be working out a plan.
He pretended to be listening carefully.
C． 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作（状态）之前发生。
e.g. I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
I pretended not to have seen her.
D．不定式的完成进行式的用法：表示在谓语动词动作之前己经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时为止，这个动作可能己经停止，也可能还在继续。
e.g.I’m sorry to have been interrupting you.对不起打扰你了。
He was said to have been living in New York for
twenty years.
=It is said that he has been living in New York for
twenty years.
E． 时态练习：
a.I hope ____(invite) to the party.
b.They don’t allow these books______(take) out of the reading
room.
c.He pretended ____ (read) the book before.
d.We had no choice but _____( do) what we were asked .
e.The prime Minister is said _____ (speak) on Tv tonight.
f.I expect _____ (finish) the work by the end of next month.
Answer: to be invited / to be taken / to have read/ to do/ to be
speaking/to have finished
第四课时：
(2)
不定式的语态的用法：
A．主动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的执行者时，用不定式的主动式。
e.g.I told him not to be late again for the
meeting.
The boy is too
young to do the job.
B. 被动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者（即动作对象）时，用不定式的被动式。一般式：to be done; 完成式：to
have been done.
e.g. His son is old enough to be sent to school.
It is an honour to be invited to your English
evening.
It is not a good thing to be overpraised.
注：不论动词不定式的逻辑主语是否出现，只要它与不定式含有动宾关系，就用被动态。
C．下列情况之一者，用动词不定式的主动式表被动涵义：
a.句子的主语同时也兼作动词不定式的逻辑主语。
e.g. I have many things to deal with./I have many things to
be dealt with.
He has no one to take care of
.
I have a letter to post./I have a
letter to be posted.
b. 句子含有“直接宾语+动词不定式”。
e.g. Give the children some picture books to read.
c.句子含有“宾语补足语+动词不定式”。
e.g. We found the lecture in English difficult to
understand.
Do you find it hard to
learn a foreign language well?
d. 句子含有“表语+动词不定式”。
e.g. She is not easy to deal with.
English is easy to learn but
difficult to master.
e.不定式to let, to blame, to seek等也总是用主动形式表示被动意义。
e.g.The house is to let.房子要出租。
She is not the woman to
blame.不要责怪她。
The cause is not far to
seek.这原因不难找到。
注：在there is (are)结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式在表示被动意义时，可用被动式，也可用主动式。
e.g.There is no time to lose( to be lost.)时间不能耽误了。
There are still many things to do
(to be done.)还有好多事要做。
但有时两种形式可能表示不同的意义。不过，口语中通常多用主动形式。
e.g. There is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.)
There is nothing to be done now.( We can do nothing
now.)现在没有什么办法。
There is nothing to see.没有东西值得看。
There is nothing to be seen.看不见有什么东西。
D.当不定式被省略后，to常常保留下来。（不定式to 后面具体内容的省略。）
在英语中，为了避免上下文的内容的重复，在一些adj.，动词后面的不定式内容，如果是重复上文的内容时，to
后面的不定式内容常予以省略，仅保留不定式符号to .
E.g. – would you like to go there?
-
Yes, I’d like to.
He invited me to attend that meeting ,but I refused
to .
Used to ,have to ,ought to ,be able to, be glad to ,be about to, be
going to, try to 中的to 也是不定式符号，当不定式被省略掉时，to 通常都是保留的。
e.g. –Does he live here?
- No, but he used to .
不定式在ask ,allow, advise, force, permit, 等后作宾补。
e.g. She didn’t have a try but I had expected her to
在adj. afraid, glad, happy, be willing to, anxious, ready
后的省略。
e.g. – Would you go to visit the Great Wall with us?
- Yes, I’m glad to.
当两个或多个带to 的不定式由并列连词and 或or 连接在一起时，第二个及其后的不定式符号to 常可省略。
e.g. The teacher asked the students to read over the text
carefully and (to) write down the important points.
如果两者有对比关系，则在每个不定式前面加to .
e.g. They didn’t tell me whether to go on or to stop.
E.连接代词/副词+不定式（whether,what, which, when,
how,where）在句中可充当主，宾，表，宾补等成份。
1. Can you tell me how to work out the problem?
2.The problem is whether to go or not.
3. I don’t know which bus to take.
F. 不定式的完成式与think ,believe, hope, plan等的过去式连用表示“未曾实现的愿望或打算”。was
(were)+to have done 表示该动作尚未完成。
e.g. They were to have discussed the problem.
I intended to have finished the task on time.
Step 4. Practice
Finish off the exercises on page 5-6 in the exercise book.
Step 5. summary
Learning the infinitive ,our Ss can grasp some sentence functions
and some special usage .But some students can’t tell the contents
used in the sentences, especially slow students.So I hope our Ss
can scan the notebooks after class.
Step 6 Homework
Finish off all the exercises in the test papers.
