南京大学 （英语介绍）
2008-10-17 00:00阅读：
南京大学
Nanjing University
Nanjing University (abbr NJU or NU, simplified Chinese: 南京大学;
traditional Chinese: 南京大學; pinyin: Nánjīng Dàxué; colloquially 南大,
Nándà), or Nanking University, is a national comprehensive
university located in Nanjing (Nanking), an ancient capital of
China. It is regarded as one of the best and most selective
universities in China, and is a member of the C9 League. Its
history dates back to the first year of Yong'an reign (258 CE),
making it one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the
world. It became a modern university in the early 1920s, and is the
first Chinese modern university with the combination of education
and research. As the cradle of modern science in China, and a
centre of humanism and also a centre of the modern renaissance of
Confucian thought and Chinese culture, advocating and engaging in
communicating common human thought and developi
ng rational academic science for world peace and prosperity,
Nanjing University is a prestigious university with great
contributions and influences in education, academia and
culture.
Motto: 誠樸雄偉,
勵學敦行 (Sincerity, Simplicity, Sturdiness, Greatness, Endeavor to
Learn, Urge to Act [1]]
Established: originated in 258, and established as a modern school
in 1902 and refounded in 1915 after three years
close[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Faculties
3 Campus
4 International exchanges
5 Notable alumni
6 Notes
7 External links
History
Nanjing University was founded in 1915 with the name Nanjing Higher
Normal School on the site of former Nanking Imperial University.
Imperial Nanking University, the predecessor of Nanjing University,
was originally founded in the first year of Yong'an reign (CE 258)
under the Kingdom of Wu by Emperor Jing of Wu, and the first
president was Wei Zhao (韋昭). The Imperial University in Nanking
(南京太學, Nanking Taixue) was reestablished by Emperor Yuan of Jin in
317 and 155 new rooms were built in the campus which was located in
today's Fuzimiao area. Like its original forerunner Chengjun (成均)
and succeeding Shang Hsiang (上庠) founded by Yu (禹, 21st century
BCE) in Zhongyuan, the earliest recorded imperial higher learning
institutions and their successors, it was the Kingdom's central
university, with the role of educating literate and virtuous
citizens and educating leaders to govern and serve the kingdom. In
470 during the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Nanking University became
a comprehensive institution combining higher education and research
and consisted of five divisions: Literature, History, Confucianism,
Xuan Study and Yin Yang Study,[3] and it was the first research
educational institution in history. In the period the faculty
members included such scholars and scientists as Zu Chongzhi (祖沖之),
Ge Hong (葛洪), Wang Xizhi (王羲之), and students included such figures
as Xiao Daocheng, Emperor Gao of Southern Qi who studied in school
of Confucian studies, and Zhong Rong, a founding scholar of poetics
who graduated from division of literature. In 937 the school
scholar Li shandao established another national school outside
capital city which is called Bailudong Shuyuan (White Deer Grotto
Academy), a famous academy located in Lushan that later hosted many
renowned scholars including Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan. In 1381 Imperial
Central University (國子監, Guozijian) moved campus from Nanking
Fuzimiao area to south of Qintian mountain, near Xuanwu Lake. The
university developed and flourished in the period, with both
segments of Guozixue for people from the emperor's families and
high ranking officials' families and Taixue for people from common
families and low ranking officials' families, consisting of 6
schools: 3 basic level colleges, 2 middle level schools and 1
advanced level school. In 1403 Beijing Guozijian (Imperial Beijing
University) was established. Yongle Encyclopedia was completed in
Nanking campus in 1408 after 5 years compilation, 9169 excellent
scholars selected from nationwide took part in it, thereinto 2180
were student scholars of the university of Nanking and besides many
were faculty members. The publishing house of Imperial Nanking
University (南京國子監, Nanking Guozijian) published many kinds and
numerous volumes of books and had been a most important publishing
centre for several hundred years. In the 15th century the Imperial
Nanking University was the world's largest higher education
institution, with students about 10 thousand, many of whom came
from a number of countries. Wu Cheng'en and Zheng Chenggong studied
there during the Ming Dynasty. Each time when Nanking became a
non-capital city, the Nanking Imperial University was changed to be
Nanking Academy. The Imperial Nanking University was changed to
Nanking Academy (江寧府學, Jiangning Fuxue) in 1650 after Qing Dynasty
replaced Ming Dynasty.[4]
In 1902, Sanjiang Normal College under new educational system,
using Japanese modern higher institutions of learning as
references, was established to replace the traditional Chinese
school Nanking Academy. The name was changed to Liangjiang Normal
College in 1906, and the new president Li Ruiqing (李瑞清) established
the first faculty of modern art in China. In 1915 after the
Republic of China replaced Qing Dynasty, the Nanking Higher Normal
School (南京高等師範學校) was founded to replace Liangjiang Higher Normal
School, Jiang Qian (江謙) was appointed as the president, and the
school established the first Faculty of modern Gymnastics (Physical
Education) in 1916.
The 'China Science Society' (中國科學社), a major science
organization in the modern history of China, founded headquarter in
the school in 1918. Its members were main force that established
'Academia Sinica' (中央研究院) which was later moved to Taiwan and known
as the 'Chinese Academy of Sciences' (中国科学院) in mainland China.
Numerous Chinese modern science pioneers, most of whom studied in
advanced countries in the era mostly in America and some European
countries such as Britain, France and Germany, converged there to
found many fields of science in China. It became the Chinese cradle
of modern science. Hereafter, many graduates achieved pioneering
works in many fields for Chinese scientific enterprise. For
instance, among 81 academicians of 'Academia Sinica' elected for
the first time in 1948, 5 entered or graduated from the university
in the year 1920. More than half of the leading Chinese scientists
whose works were published on internationally renowned scientific
journals in the early period of Chinese modern science were
graduates or academics of Nanjing University.
Guo Bingwen (郭秉文) was an extremely influential university
president, appointed in 1919 after Jiang Qian. The school meeting
passed The Audit Law for Women Students (《規定女子旁聽法案》) on December 7,
1919, as result of efforts of the eductionist Tao Xingzhi (陶行知), as
well as the president Guo Bingwen, and the professors including Liu
Boming (劉伯明), Lu Zhiwei (陸志韋), Yang Xingfo (楊杏佛), etc. In 1920
Nanjing Higher Normal school became the first in China to recruit
coeducational students and enrolled eight women students.
Student-centered education and Discipline-elective and
Cause-credit-elective system were established. In 1921 the school
became National Southeastern University (國立東南大學). The earliest
modern scientific research laboratories and groups in China were
established at the university. It integrated teaching and research,
with status of university’s independence and academic freedom, and
was regarded as the earliest Chinese modern university.[5] The
Faculty of Business established in 1917 was moved to Shanghai to
establish the first business school in China.
In October 1921, 'Hsuehheng Society' (or Xueheng Society,
學衡社) was founded in the university which was the focus of the
'Hsuehheng School' included the scholars Liu Yizheng (柳詒徵), Liu
Boming (劉伯明), Mei Guangdi (梅光迪), Wu Mi (吳宓) and Hu Xianxiao (胡先驌).
They tried to reinvigorate Confucian culture and start to publish
the monthly 'Critical Review' (Xueheng, 學衡 in Chinese) in January
1922. It enabled Nanjing University to become a center of Confucian
thought and humanism. In the views of the scholars of Xueheng
school, Confucian thought can bring bright future for human peace
and prosperity. They tried to interact and communicate Confucian
culture with other cultures especially humanism in modern western
civilization, specifically especially new humanism represented by
Irving Babbitt at the time. During this period, Nanjing University
was known as the foremost 'Oriental Education Centre' and
recognized as an academic and cultural exchange centre for east and
west. Many famous scholars visited and instructed there, including
the American educationist Paul Monroe, W. H. Kilpatrick, E. L.
Thorndike, philosopher John Dewey, British philosopher Bertrand
Russell, German philosopher Hans Driesch and the Indian (also
Bengali) poet Rabindranath Tagore.
The 'Chinese Association of Natural Science' (中華自然科學社) was
founded at the university in 1927. In August 1928 the school became
National Central University (國立中央大學). During the Anti-Japanese War
between 1937 and 1945, the university moved to Chongqing. The
'Natural Science Forum' was founded by the university faculties in
1939 and then they founded the 'China Association of Scientific
Workers' (中國科學工作者協會) in 1944. In 1958 the associations were merged
to be the 'China Association for Science and Technology' (中國科學技術協會)
in Beijing. The 'Natural Science Forum' was renamed 'Sept. 3rd
Forum' and later again renamed 'Sept. 3rd Society' in 1945. The
'Sept. 3rd Society', or called 'Jiusan Society', is a China
organization for intellectual groups.
In 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, the central government
of the Republic of China retreated from Nanjing and the National
Central University was renamed National Nanjing University (國立南京大學)
by Communist Party of China. In 1952, many departments and colleges
of former Nanjing University moved out and formed many new
independent colleges and universities, and at the same time
University of Nanking (金陵大學), a private university established in
1888 and sponsored by American churches, was merged into Nanjing
University (南京大學), which lost its 'national' appellation to reflect
the reality that all universities in the PRC would be public. A
separate National Central University was reinstated in Taiwan by
its old alumni association in 1962.
In 1976, the faculties and students of the university
launched Nanjing Anti Cultural Revolution Force Movement which was
called 'Nanjing Incident' by the authorities of the time, spreading
countrywide. In 1978, Hu Fuming, a faculty member of the Philosophy
Department of Nanjing University, wrote and published the historic
article entitled 'Practice is the Sole Criterion for Testing
Truth'. It led to the nationwide 'Debate on Standards for Judging
the Truth' and promoted the ending of Cultural Revolution and the
coming of reform era.
Many faculties, departments, institutes and schools have been
refounded or initially founded since 1978. In 2009, Xianlin Campus
was opened, replacing Pukou Campus which was put into use in 1993,
and Pukou Campus became the campus of Jinling College which was
founded by Nanjing University. The Xianlin Campus is planned to
become main compus coordinating with Gulou Compus.
Faculties
Nanjing University has been at the forefront of developments in
teaching and research in China. It was the first institution in the
country to adopt student-centered teaching methods. It was the
first co-educational Chinese university. It was the first Chinese
university to provide doctoral education. It has been a pioneer in
many fields in China, such as literature, art, history, philosophy,
sociology, biology, astronomy, physics, chemistry, geoscience,
planning and design, computer science and business
studies.
[edit] Schools and Departments
School of Liberal Art
Chinese Language & Linguistics; Literature; Philology; Drama,
Film & TV Arts
Department of History
Department of Philosophy; Religion
School of Foreign Studies
English; French; German; Spanish; Japanese; Russian; International
Business
School of Government Administration
Politics; Government Administration; Labor, Personnel and Social
Security
School of Law
School of Social and Behavioral sciences
Sociology; Social Work and Social Policy; Psychology
School of Business (NUBS)
School of Management: Business Administration; Human Resource;
Accounting; Marketing; Electronic Commerce
School of Economics: Economics; International Economics &
Trading; Industrial Economics; Finance
Department of Information Management
School of Journalism & Communication
Department of Mathematics
School of Physics
Physics; Modern Physics; Ohotoelectricity Science; Acoustic Science
& Engineering
Department of Astronomy
School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
Chemistry; Chemical Engineering; Polymer Material
Department of Material Science & Technology
School of Geoscience
School of Atmosphere Science: Meteorology; Atmosphere Physics
School of Earth Science & Engineering: Earth Science; Water
Science; Geology Engineering & Information Technology
School of Geography & Ocean Science: Land, Natural Resources
& Tourism; Earth Information Science; Coast & Ocean
Science
School of Life Sciences
Biology; Biochemistry
School of Medicine
Clinical Medicine; Dentistry; Basic Medical Science; Laboratory
Medicine
School of Environment
School of Architecture & Planning
Architecture; Urban Planning & Design
School of Electronics Science & Engineering
Electronic Engineering; Micro-electronics & Optoelectronics;
Informational Electronics; Communication Engineering
Department of Computer Science & Technology; Software
Institute
School of Modern Engineering & Applied Sciences (School of
Engeering )
Department of Education
Institute for Gymnastics
Center for Arts (Music, Dance, Drama, Fine Arts, Film, TV,
Literature)
Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social
Science
School for Basic Sciences Education
International School
School for Overseas Students Education
Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and
American Studies (Hopkins-Nanjing Center)
Other research and education institutes in areas such as African
Studies, Judaic Studies, International Affairs, Anthropology,
Agriculture, Space Science, Engineering Management,
etc.
Campus
Nanjing University consists of three campuses: Gulou Campus, Pukou
Campus and Xianlin Campus. The main campus, Gulou Campus, as the
name indicates, is located in Gulou District, at the center of
Nanjing City. The main campus itself is divided into two sections
by Hankou Road: North Garden, Bei Yuan, is where most of teaching
and research take place, and South Garden, Nan Yuan, serves as the
living area for both students and academic staff.
Pukou Campus is located in the suburban Pukou District and
became part of Nanjing University in 1993. Once Pukou Campus hosted
undergraduate freshmen, sophomore and junior students and was
connected with the main campus by both shuttle bus and public
transportation. The Pukou campus is now abandoned and become the
campus of the independent Jinling College, which was founded by
Nanjing University.
The newly constructed Xianlin Campus was opened in September,
2009.
Notable people
Nanjing University have attracted and generated many
outstanding faculty members, scholars and people. Of 53 first-time
elected members of Academia Sinica in natural science (including
mathematics), 28 were Nanjing University faculty members or
graduates. All four founding scientific leaders (president or vice
president in natural science) of Chinese Academy of Sciences taught
or studied at Nanjing University. Many institutes of the academies
were founded by Nanjing University faculty members or graduates.
Nanjing University faculty members have included many pionnering
Chinese scholars, and some notable scholars from abroad such as
Matsumoto Kouzirou, Hans Driesch, Charles W. Woodworth, Pearl Buck,
etc.
In recent years Nanjing University is in third place in the
nubmer of academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese
Academy of Engineering among faculty members, less than that of
Peking University and Tsinghua University.
There're 877 excellent scientists with big contributions to
sciences in China in modern era as listed in an article on Chinese
modern scientific history by Li Peishan published on CAS journal,
and among them 115 are graduates of Nanjing University during
R.O.C. in mainland period, ranking No.1. Among 1107 members of
Chinese Academy of Sciences elected till 2007, 210 are Nanjing
University people.
Among 30 First Class Prizes of National Natural Science
Awards since 1956, which is the highest prize in natural science in
China, 6 major winners (sole or first listed winner) studied at
Nanjing University: Liu Dongsheng (劉東生), Wang Debao (王德寶), Qin
Renchang (秦仁昌), Feng Kang (馮康), Hou Xianguang (侯先光), Min Naiben
(閔乃本); in addition, another 2 were faculty members: Li Siguang
(李四光), Qian Chongshu (錢崇澍); and Nanda people were in the list of
winners of about half of the prizes, in an unparalleled position. A
statistic in 2006[7] indicated that among about 120 directors (or
presidents) of institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 are
graduates of Nanjing University, ranking No. 1, while the number of
the university (Peking University) ranking No.2 is 10, and a recent
statistic in 2010 shows that 14 holds bachelor‘s from Nanda which
is the double of the number of the university (Beida) which ranks
No.2. Among winners of the National Science Foundation for
Distinguished Young Scholars from 1994 to 2008, 108 are graduates
of Nanda, ranking No. 1, 96 are of Beida, 76 are of University of
Science and Technology of China, and 64 are of Tsinghua University
which is listed in top 4. Among 78 winners of Prizes for Young
Scientists of China since 1992, 5 are Nanda graduates, both Beida
and Tsinghua graduates are 4, consisting of top 3
rankings.
Some of notable alumni of Nanjing University include: Wu
Youxun (吳有訓), a leader of Chinese modern physical science and the
physical scientist who verified Compton effect (X-ray diffraction);
Chung-Yao Chao (趙忠堯), the scientist that captured positron through
electron-positron annihilation and tested the existence of
antimatter; Chien-Shiung Wu (吳健雄), 'First Lady of Physics', the
first Wolf Prize winner in physics; Chiang Yee (蔣彝), litterateur,
artist, the 'Silent Traveller'; Tang Junyi (唐君毅), an eminent
philosopher and modern Confucian scholar; Chen Chung-hwan (陳忠寰), a
distinguished scholar in ancient Greek philosophy and western
philosophy; Xu Boyuan (徐柏園), the founder of Chinese central bank
system; Wang Zhixin (王志莘), the first General Manager of former
Shanghai Stock Exchange; Kwoh-Ting Li (李國鼎), 'Father of Taiwan's
Economic Miracle'; Luo Fuxin (羅福鑫), the first blind college student
in China; Chang Cheh (張徹), 'Father of New Gongfu Film', 'Godfather
of Hong Kong cinema'; H. T.Loh (陸孝同), a leader of American Apollo
program and Mars Exploration program; Zeng Liansong (曾聯松), the
designer of the Flag of the People's Republic of China; Jiang Zemin
(江澤民), former President of the People's Republic of China; Zhu
Guangya (朱光亞), the first president of Chinese Academy of
Engineering; Yuan-Cheng Fung (馮元楨), the founder of biomechanics;
Feng Kang (馮康), mathematician and founder of finite element
algorithm; Chen Deliang (陳德亮), climatologist and Executive Director
of International Council for Science.
Notes
1. ^ Motto counterparts between Chinese and English: Cheng (誠,
Sincerity, Honesty), Pu (樸, Simplicity, Austerity, naturally being
oneself), Xiong (雄, Sturdiness, Majesty, being vigorous and keeping
ideal and ambition, being firm and persistent with fortitude), Wei
(偉, Greatness, having great ideal and ambition, with great mind
comprehending, containing and improving world), Li Xue (勵學,
Endeavor to Learn), Dun Xing (敦行, Urge to Act).
2. ^ Since the origination in 258, the public higher learning
institution at Nanjing changed in each dynasty or period.
Liangjiang Higher Normal school was closed in the end of 1911 when
the Qing Dynasty was overthrown. In 1915 after the Republic of
China was founded, Nanking Higher Normal School was established to
replace the Liangjing Normal School, and in 1949 when the Republic
of China was replaced by the People's Republic of China in
mainland, its name was changed from National Central University to
Nanjing University. During Cultural Revolution after 1966, the
university stopped recruiting students twice altogether for six
years.
3. ^ Confucianism is a culture covers a broad range of subjects
such as moralities, ethics, convenance, life attitude and manner,
social and political ideas. Xuan Study (玄學, Xuan Xue) is a Chinese
metaphysics with the view that social and natural principle and
order are uniform. Yin Yang Study (陰陽學, Yin Yang Xue) is a learning
that studies the negative and positive features and changes of both
nature and human beings. Yin Yang Xue supposes that Yin and Yang
are two universal paired and opposite characters and elements. For
instance, life world consists of Yin Jie and Yang Jie. Yang Jie is
where people live and Yin Jie is where ghosts and gods live. The
death of a person or an animal means that he, she or it goes from
Yang Jie to Yin Jie. Human bodies are controlled by Yin Qi and Yang
Qi, and the balance between them will keep a healthy body. This
theory is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.
According to the concept, female is Yin, male is Yang, moon is Yin,
sun is Yang, cold is Yin, hot is Yang, soft is Yin, hard is Yang
.... Using it to explain modern sciences, acid is Yin, alkaline is
Yang, negatron is Yin, positron is Yang, antimatter is Yin and
matter is Yang.
4. ^ The ancient school history was recorded in the university's
official school history book before 1949, but the school
administration under CPC no longer recognized the history just as
they did not recognize the traditional culture.
5. ^ There were many comments from educators and scholars. For
instance, John Leighton Stuart named it the first Chinese national
modern university. The historic contributions of Nanjing University
were not limited to higher education and academe. Under the
leadership of Kuo Ping-wen and Tao Xingzhi, the primary school and
the middle school attached to the university also became models.
They laid the foundations for the establishment of modern
educational system (壬戌學制, Renwu Xuezhi, 1922) in China. The
Kindergarten attached to the university (Gulou Kindergarten)
founded in 1923 was also adopted as the model for Chinese
kindergartens in 1928, including its teaching system, teaching
materials, teaching methods and teaching tools.
6. ^ http://www.exianlin.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-523
7. ^ [1]
(Souce: Nanjing University, Wikipedia,
etc.)
