译文札记(674):圣茹斯特
2022-04-20 10:28阅读:
圣茹斯特

圣茹斯特是法国大革命中涌现出的著名政治家,他虽然只活了短暂的28岁,但他的所作所为,在法国大革命中留下了极为凝重的一笔。遗憾的是,史学界对他的研究甚少。
人物生平
1767年生于军官家庭。曾在兰斯学习法律1789年5月发表长诗《奥尔冈》,抨击宗教和世俗权力。
革命爆发后在布勒兰古等地从事革命活动1790年7月在巴黎参加国民自卫军全国结盟节。
1790年秋冬撰写《法国革命与宪法之精神》,赞成君主立宪制。
1792年9月作为埃纳省代表选入国民公会,属山岳派,曾任国民公会秘书。
1792年8月10日起义后转而赞成共和主义,主张处死国王路易十六,一度任雅各宾俱乐部主席。
1793年5月当
选为五人宪法起草委员会成员,
6月进入救国委员会。
7月
8日代表救国委员会提出控告吉伦特派的报告。
10月作关于建立革命政府的报告
,主张实行中央集权和恐怖政策他是雅各宾专政的核心成员,分管治安军事工作。支持
M.F.M.I.de罗伯斯比尔(又译罗伯斯庇尔)镇压丹东派和埃贝尔派。
1793年10月至1794年
6月,数度视察莱茵方面军和北路军,对弗勒吕斯战役的胜利起了重要作用。
热月政变中试图为罗伯斯比尔辩护,被投入监狱,1794年7月28日被处死。

主要功绩
追求光明,敢于叛逆;审判国王,出语不凡
圣茹斯特,1767年8月25日,出生于法国尼维涅郡德西兹镇一个军官家庭,他10岁的时候父亲去世,留下了许多遗产。丰裕的家境,使他接受了过于严格的教育,也养成了他叛逆的性格。1786年9月,他离家出走到了巴黎,主要原因是恋爱受挫和母亲管教过于严厉,后来被母亲送到了教养院接受教养6个月。1787年他开始学习法律,并顺利通过了律师学校的考试。此时的圣茹斯特,勤奋好学,兴趣广泛,他研究历史,喜欢诗文,尤其受启蒙思想的影响,对法国的封建社会产生了不满情绪。“”从这时圣茹斯特的思想来看,他和当时法国大多数年青人的思想一样,是卢梭的信徒,赞同社会契约和人民主权,但还没有形成系统的革命思想。
法国大革命时期,圣茹斯特的思想发生了巨大变化,他在首都巴黎亲身感受了大革命的场面,旁听制宪议会的辩论,参加雅各宾俱乐部的活动,深受革命思潮的影响。但那时候,他各方面都比较稚嫩,在政治上没有出头机会,故在巴黎短暂逗留后就返回了故乡。巴黎的经历,使他的思想迅速成熟。回到故乡后,他全身心地投入到反封建的革命中去,参加忠于国家的宣誓活动、在地方议会发表政治演说、担任国民自卫军中队长的职务等。为纪念攻占巴士底狱一周年,显示革命者的力量,1790年7月14日,巴黎举行了国民自卫军全国结盟盛典,圣茹斯特作为布勒兰古的代表再次来到了巴黎,在战神广场与众人一起举行了忠于国民、忠于法律、维护宪法的宣誓。这时,他非常钦佩罗伯斯比尔,把他当作崇拜的对象,渴望与之结交,但没能如愿。他此后不久后向罗伯斯比尔致信说:“我不认识你,但你是一个伟大的人物。你不仅是一省的代表,而且是人类与共和国的代表。”又说:“我向您致敬,您扶持了疲惫的祖国,在专制和阴谋的波浪中您是中流砥柱,我向您致意,只要看看您的奇迹。我就把您当作上帝。”从此时开始,圣茹斯特就把罗伯斯比尔当作了自己学习和效法的榜样。
1792年9月,圣茹斯特在国民公会委员的竞选中当选为埃纳省的代表,从此来到首都参加政治活动。在国民公会中,圣茹斯特是最年青的代表,当时年龄只有26岁。他表面上沉默寡言,办事谨慎,但思想上发生了巨大的变化,随着君主立宪制的结束和共和制的建立,他也转变为共和派,是山岳派中坚定的一员。但在社会上还不知名,了解他的人还不多。他崭露头角的契机是国民公会审判国王的辩论发言。当吉仑特派的议员正纠缠于国王能否受审、由什么样的法庭来审判等问题的时候,圣茹斯特作为山岳派审讯国王的第一发言人,并且是第一次在国民公会中发言,提出了卓越不凡的观点:“就法律而论,国王是不能受审判的。现在所要从事的,并非是一个法律案件,而是一个政治事件。路易十六不是被告,是敌人。对他只能适应一个法律,即民族间的法律,换言之,即战争法。‘路易曾与人民战争,他被征服了。他是野蛮人,他是战败的外国囚犯;你们已知道他之无信义的计划;你们已经看见他的军队,他是巴士底堡、南锡、马斯场、图内及杜伊勒里等处的屠杀者。还有什么敌人、什么外国人给你们更多的害处呢?’由于圣茹斯特是个刚脱青年时期而素不为人所知的人,他这篇演说产生了巨大的印象。”[3]给袒护国王的人一个“霹雳般答复”。
这次视角独特,谈锋犀利的发言,切中了问题的要害,直接决定了国王问题的解决方式。后来“罗伯斯比尔从政治角度进一步发挥了圣茹斯特的理论”,得出了“路易应该死,因为祖国需要生”的结论。由圣茹斯特开创,山岳派其他领导人后继的审判和推翻国王的这一历史过程,不仅是议会中派别之间的冲突,而且也是山岳派和吉仑特派斗争的转折点,从此,吉仑特派丧失了他们在国民公会中的多数。在这场斗争中,圣茹斯特发挥了极大作用,确定了他在革命民主派中的地位,同时他也深得罗伯斯比尔的赞赏,在政治舞台上名声大震,被称之为“天才的法律专家”,也奠定了他以后成为雅各宾专政主要领袖的基础。

制定宪法,力主法制;建立政府,主张集权
从1792年末到1793年初,圣茹斯特在首都的名气越来越大,“他五官端正,黑发垂肩,目光锐利,说话有力,处事严谨。他常常出入雅各宾俱乐部,发言抨击吉仑特派内阁的联邦主义,主张自由竞争的经济政策。圣茹斯特一度曾担任国民公会秘书。1792年12月至1793年元旦,他当选为雅各宾俱乐部主席。”从到巴黎参加国民公会至1793年秋建立革命政府期间,圣茹斯特是一个温和的共和派。此时他主张共和国要体现民意,由“一些自觉而亲密的人,平等独立而聪慧的人,除由公意产生之法律外不知另有主子的人的神圣结合;他主张共和国的基本单位为城镇,人民拥有主权,宁愿没有主子而要自由,议会表达民意并有决定大权,舆论可以随时制裁议员;行政权力机构对议会负责,陆军部服从议会,由议会任免将军,下级军官由士兵选举产生;共和国不可分割,等等。国王垮台之后,革命仍须前进。但当巴黎群众向国民公会要求限定物价时,他力劝群众不得诉诸暴力,而必须和平解决。圣茹斯特为雅各宾俱乐部的宪法委员会委员,主张以‘温和’宪法治理法国,防止乱子发生。1793年5月30日,国民公会选举圣茹斯特等五人组成新的宪法起草委员会以取代旧的由吉伦特占优势的宪法委员会在救国委员领导下工作。”
宪法起草委员会经过一个多月的工作,于1793年6月9日提出了宪法草案,10日经救国委员会批准,11日提交国民公会,24日通过。这就是著名的“共和元年宪法”或“雅各宾宪法”。该宪法包括新的《人权宣言》35条,宪法文本124条。它规定法兰西共和国是统一不可分割的,政府是为了保障人民的权力而设立的,主权属于人民。新宪法把人民革命中争得的权力充分的肯定下来,基本上是以卢梭的人民主权学说为依据制定的,是法国历史上第一部共和制宪法。宪法有若干部分是由圣茹斯特起草的,“体现了圣茹斯特等还存在着反对中央集权的思想。”“1793年宪法通常被认为是最民主的宪法,是最终建立共和国的蓝图。”这部宪法是罗伯斯比尔所说的“要挑灯夜战制定一些好法律”中颇具份量的一种。作为法律专家,圣茹斯特深知宪法在治理国家中的作用,为此他倾注了巨大的心血,是5人小组中的核心人物。这部宪法也是雅各宾派所有措施中最具民主性的措施之一,通过这部宪法,雅各宾派同城乡人民群众结成联盟,扩大了政权的社会基础。这部宪法的制定,也说明了圣茹斯特思想的进步,从中可以看出他在早期著作《法国革命与宪法之精神》中流露出的君主立宪思想在此一扫而光,他的法制思想随着革命的深入也不断地进步。
由于雅各宾派上台初期面临着内忧外患的严峻形势,圣茹斯特在1793年10月10日在国民公会上做报告,提出必须建立革命政府,以保证政令的实行。他指出“法律是革命的,但执法之人不革命,从而造成当前困难。1793年宪法缺少镇压所需的力量,只有革命政府才能实行革命法律。”“鉴于危急的形势,直到和平实现之前,宪法应当被搁置,政府应当是革命的机构。”革命政府的组织纲领是国民公会根据圣茹斯特和俾约-瓦伦的提议,先后于1793年10月10日和12月4日通过的两个法令。它们具有临时宪法的性质,是革命政府的法律依据。其主要内容是:“所有行政部门包括各部部长和将领,一概受救国委员会监督,从而建立起以救国委员会为中心的适应恐怖统治需要的集权政治制度。”圣茹斯特早在1793年7月就是救国委员会的委员,此后一直是这个雅各宾专政领导核心的成员,他主要分管治安、军事工作。这两项工作是革命政府的重头戏,圣茹斯特以极大的热情卓有成效地开展工作,把革命一步一步推向深入。

风月法令,建立恐怖;北方军中,大刀阔斧
1794年初,随着内忧外患局面的结束,雅各宾派内部的矛盾也逐渐暴露出来,以罗伯斯比尔为首的掌权派受到左右两方面的攻击。罗伯斯比尔派囿于形势,继续向左发展。受罗伯斯比尔的影响,“2月26日和3月8日(共和二年风月8日和13日),圣茹斯特提出的风月法令规定:凡经审查被确认为‘革命敌人’者应拘禁到和平实现时为止,其财产应被没收,无偿分配给‘赤贫的爱国者’。”风月法令是罗伯斯比尔和圣茹斯特同埃贝尔派斗争的重要步骤,他们的真实想法是“只要革命未进入经济领域,民主就无法实现;同样,如果革命未能改善人民的物质生活条件,革命也是不能持久的。于是他们想通过没收有钱的保王派和敌视共和国的资产阶级的财产,分配给没有财产的共和分子,创造出一个新的社会阶层,把埃贝尔的拥护者争取过来。这就是圣茹斯特所说的用‘法律之剑横砍’埃贝尔派、给予其致命打击的思想。”“4月16日国民公会又根据圣茹斯特报告通过法令,规定一切阴谋犯必须解送巴黎革命法庭审判。此时恐怖政策达到高潮。圣茹斯特的主张十分明确:‘敢这个字便包括了我们革命的全部政策’。要挽救革命,非实行恐怖政策不可。”
风月法令体现了罗伯斯比尔派继续强力推行恐怖政策的决心,该项政策是个双刃剑——即给予丹东派以沉重打击,又企图剥夺埃贝尔派进攻的口实。风月法令的提出反映了圣茹斯特思想随着革命的深入进行所发生的变化,也是他的集权思想在新形势下的发展。在这种思想的指导下,以罗伯斯比尔、圣茹斯特为首的雅各宾派果断地向丹东派和埃贝尔派下手。1794年4月5日丹东等20多人被送上断头台,3月27日解散了由埃贝尔掌握的革命军,1794年4月13日处决了埃贝尔派的主要领导之一肖梅特,进而彻底改组了由埃贝尔派控制的巴黎公社,代之以由政府任命的官员。此项政策实行的结果是反对派被镇压了,恐怖政策得到了大幅度的提升,以罗伯斯比尔为核心的当权派的权力更集中了。与此同时它的负面作用也逐渐地暴露出来,既不能见容于资产阶级,同时离人民群众的距离越来越远,为雅各宾派的倒台也埋下了伏笔。恩格斯在分析这一点时指出:“恐怖成了保护自己的一种手段,从而变成了一种荒谬的东西。”
圣茹斯特在雅各宾专政期间的另一个突出贡献是受国民公会的指派担任特派员到地方和军队视察和指导工作。特派员是大革命中出现的新生事物,负责革命政策的执行和落实,“被派遣到各军和各郡区的议会特派员拥有广泛的权力,受救国委员会监督和指导……革命政府通过派遗到各郡各军的特派员、设在各县的国家专员以及各地方革命委员会,把中央的法律和政令推行到全国。”为了保证公众的安全和公共秩序,罗伯斯比尔专门起草了一项法令“任命圣茹斯特去北方军,了解部队的情况,特别是监视里尔、莫伯日和阜香等市的情况,并采取共和国的利益所要求一切措施。”圣茹斯特到任以后,大刀阔斧地开展工作,显示了超人的能力和无畏的精神,如为了解决前线的亟需,他下令短时间内脱掉斯特拉斯堡所有贵族的靴子,火速送往前线,满足前方将士的需要。“圣茹斯特作为国民公会的特使,多次出使军队。1793年10月中旬至1794年1月,他与勒巴一同出使莱茵方面军。1月末至2月中他们出使北路军,4月末至5月初再次出使北路军。6月他又出使北路军与莱茵军。圣茹斯特在出使地区大力推行恐怖政策,设立特别法庭,清洗部分官吏,保证部分给养,恢复军队纪律,督促法军进攻,使法军终于赢得弗鲁律斯的胜利。”“茹尔丹军中的国民公会特派员圣茹斯特,对于保证弗鲁律斯的胜利起了重大的作用。……这一胜利不仅解放了边境,而且把比利时、间接地把莱茵河左岸交给了法国。”圣茹斯特的恐怖政策和在军队中雷厉风行的工作,对于稳定雅各宾专政的统治起了巨大的作用。

权力中心、辅佐罗氏;结束恐怖,另有新思
在法国大革命中,罗伯斯比尔、圣茹斯特被称为雅各宾派的两位巨头。随着内忧外患的消除,国内政局的稳定,雅各宾派逐渐分裂成左、中、右三派,此时的圣茹斯特仍坚定地站在罗伯斯比尔一边,同以埃贝尔为首的左翼力量和以丹为首的右翼势力进行了果敢的斗争。圣茹斯特和罗伯斯比尔是亲密战友,在许多问题上圣茹斯特对罗伯斯比尔是言听计从,把他看作是老师和偶像,但这不能说明他们之间没有分歧。在热月政变之前,他们之间不仅有了分歧而且达到了十分严重的地步。
镇压埃贝尔派和丹东派后,罗伯斯比尔派陷入孤立地位。从此时开始,圣茹斯特已比较清楚地看到了革命的危机,他说:“要使恐怖政策不成为两面锋刃的武器是极其困难的,革命已经冰冷了。”对罗伯斯比尔来讲,正确的做法应是根据形势的变化,及时调整政策,但罗伯斯比尔为了再度掀起群众的革命热情,不合时宜地提倡理性崇拜,举行盛大的最高主宰节仪式,加大恐怖政策的力度。此举在革命阵营内部引起了极大的不满,反对派的矛头集中指向罗伯斯比尔,称他为“独裁者”和“暴君”。
罗伯斯比尔的固执和缺乏理智使他同救国委员会和治安委员会的大多成员产生了较大的分歧,有一段时间他甚至借病不到救国委员会工作,在巴黎各区做联系群众的工作,就“象取缔吉伦特党前夕那样建立一个由坚定的爱国者组成的临时暴动委员会……一场由巴黎公社工作人员指挥的人民运动似乎已经准备就绪。”但两委员会毫不相让,热月4日举行的两委员会联席会议决定就“如何制止诽谤和迫害最热诚、对共和国贡献最大的爱国者的问题”向国民公会提出一个报告,圣茹斯特参加了会议,罗伯斯比尔没有出席。
热月5日两委会继续举行会议,邀请罗伯斯比尔参加,由圣茹斯特出面做调停人。会议委托圣茹斯特起草一个报告,意在表达两委员会的互相谅解之意。“圣茹斯特答应了,虽提出了一些条件,但没有表现僵硬顽固的态度。他也许乐于在国民公会讲台上继续进行调解工作。也许把自己看作是最高仲裁,超然于各党派之上,以友好而强有力的手引导罗伯斯比尔本人走上和平与和睦的道路。”
圣茹斯特在所起草的报告中定的调子是力图保持客观和公正,致力缓和罗伯斯比尔同两委会其他成员之间的关系,对此罗伯斯比尔不能接受。“更严重并使他尤其伤心的是,圣茹斯特接收比洛—瓦雷纳和科洛•德布瓦的明确要求,居然在他的报告中不再谈论最高主宰和灵魂不灭的问题。…罗伯斯比尔把圣茹斯特视为他最好的、最忠实的战友,在战斗正酣之际,圣茹斯特对政敌所作的让步会使罗伯斯比尔产生什么样的印象呢?更在甚者,第二天上午他听说圣茹斯特轻率到令人难以想像的地步,竟同意比洛-瓦雷纳和卡尔诺(他的死敌)一起签发一项让巴黎的炮兵离开首都的命令!”
圣茹斯特的做法让罗伯斯比尔失望,在热月政变前的一次会议上,罗伯斯比尔讲了这样几句话;“我的看法是不受别人左右的……我不怕任何人……我服从我的职责……我不需要任何人的支持和友谊……”当时,圣茹斯特正在场作着记录,他肯定明白他的朋友和师长所讲话的含意。
圣茹斯特同罗伯斯比尔的分歧,事实上在热月政变前一段时间已经明朗化了,圣茹斯特力图缓和两委会同罗伯斯比尔的矛盾,但没有奏效。罗伯斯比尔决意用更强硬的手段对付反对者,扬言要在国民公会中进行“清洗”。
热月8日之夜对圣茹斯特来说是一个不眠之夜。他内心十分苦闷,革命正处于紧要关头,为扶大厦之将倾,他希望提出一个双方都能接收的方案。从晚上8点起,他就坐在救国委员会的办公室里了,准备他第二天的发言。“由于严重事件正在酝酿之中,他准备掌握委员会的领导权。”所以,这篇发言稿对他来说至关重要。圣茹斯特“急于完成他的工作,至少他自己认为热月九日的会议将是属于他的。罗伯斯比尔的演说旗帜不鲜明,搅乱了大局,他觉得应由他来予以恢复,并平息国民公会里激动情绪。他的同事们要求他念几段给他们听听,他拒绝了。”他一直工作到清晨5点钟,方才离开了办公室。临走之前他答应10点左右回来宣读他的演说。
“事实上,人们只是在正午时分才看到圣茹斯特。他直接走向讲台,他并不是以救国委员会的名义讲话,而是以他个人的名义。……他首先想做到客观和宽容,……作为结论,他向国民公会提出如下法令草案:‘国民公会决定:即将拟定的法规应提出这样的办法,使政府既不失去革命权力,又不至独断专行,助长野心以及压迫国民公会或篡夺它的权力’。全文写得很巧妙,语气和缓,颇有希望赢得绝大多数议员的赞同。如果获得通过,圣茹斯特个人可能取得一次胜利,其影响将是无法估量的。他起草的《共和国规章》将成为政府的宪章。罗伯斯比尔已经过时,而圣茹斯特纪元开始了。”“一般认为这篇报告是他的最好之作,假使当时能让他念完,局势可能不同;因其主张温和而合理,只责难少数人,并未要求死刑,这种态度大可取得中立派之拥护。”
遗憾的是,圣茹斯特虽有比较好的愿望,但对形势估计地过于乐观,太相信自己的力量。他没有想到,虽然他在最后的岁月里同罗伯斯比尔有一定的分歧,力图缓和反对派同罗伯斯比尔之间的关系,让大家都理智起来,但他执掌恐怖政策的时间太久了,同罗伯斯比尔的关系过去太密切了,他的政敌很难把他同罗伯斯比尔分隔开来,故经过精心准备后的“圣茹斯特力图说服议会,但无济于事。罗伯斯比尔被控告,并被逮捕。”圣茹斯特也未能幸免,也被当作罗伯斯比尔的同党一起被逮捕,并于次日与罗伯斯比尔等人一起被处死。

人物评价
综上所述,圣茹斯特是罗伯斯比尔的追随者。从圣茹斯特成长的经历来看,也大体如此。但随着形势的发展变化,尤其是不得人心的恐怖政策的升级,圣茹斯特的思想深处也对罗伯斯比尔产生了叛逆。从处死丹东以后,他的思想向右转,极力主张扭转一些过激行为,并以“仲裁人”自居,弥合罗伯斯比尔同反对派之间的矛盾。圣茹斯特虽然最后没有力挽狂澜,自己也成了牺牲品,但他的举动说明他比他的老师罗伯斯比尔理智和清醒,最终证明了“他的思想和行动的发展,与法国大革命的演变进程大致相同。”他个人的历史就是大革命历史的真实缩影。
个人作品
1789年5月初,他匿名发表长诗《奥尔刚》,诗中攻击当时的宫廷、法院和教会,险遭警方逮捕。
1790年秋冬时分,圣茹斯特写成了《法国革命与宪法之精神》一书,该书较完整地表明了他当时的政治主张,其主要内容是赞成君主立宪制,主张立法机构制定法律,国王执行法律,国王既是法律也是自由的保护者。他的这些想法,实际上是君主立宪派信条在他头脑中的反映。
有《圣茹斯特全集》、《圣茹斯特演说和报告集》传世。
Louis de Saint-Just
French revolutionary
Born: August 25, 1767 France
Died: July 28, 1794 (aged 26) Paris France
Title / Office: National Convention (1792-1794)
Political Affiliation: Montagnard
Role In: French Revolution
Louis de Saint-Just, in full Louis-Antoine-Léon de
Saint-Just, (born August 25, 1767, Decize, France—died July 28,
1794, Paris), controversial ideologue of the French Revolution, one
of the most zealous advocates of the Reign of Terror (1793–94), who
was arrested and guillotined in the Thermidorian
Reaction.
Early years
Louis-Antoine-Léon de Saint-Just was born in central France,
the son of a cavalry captain. His mother, the daughter of a wealthy
local notary and a woman of egalitarian notions, wished to reduce
the nobility to the level of the middle class. The family
eventually moved to Blérancourt, a rural town in Picardy, the
native province of Louis’s father, who died there in
1777.
After attending the college of the Oratorians in nearby
Soissons, he returned to Blérancourt, a small town offering few
distractions. In 1785 Saint-Just became attached to the daughter of
one of the town’s notaries. Her forced marriage to the son of the
other notary in July 1786 marked the beginning of a crisis for
Saint-Just. Hurt and angry, he fled to Paris one night in
September, taking with him a few family valuables. Lodging near the
Palais Royal, then the centre of a brilliant and dissolute society,
he soon ran out of money.
His adventure came to a sudden end when his mother, advised
of the situation, had him put into a reformatory. He remained there
from October 1786 to April 1787. Sobered by his experience, he
decided, like so many young men of the middle class, to establish
himself and enter upon a career. He became a clerk to the public
prosecutor of Soissons, studied at Reims, and took his law degree
in April 1788.
Maximilien Robespierre
France at that time was shaken by the effects of a poor
harvest and a hard winter, which coincided with pre-Revolutionary
tremors. In 1789 Saint-Just anonymously published his first book,
an epic poem, Organt. It was ignored by the public. A long
satirical and licentious poem strewn with political allusions, it
was reminiscent of Voltaire’s “La Pucelle d’Orléans” (“The Maid of
Orleans”), but it lacked the force and spirit needed for public
acclaim. Perhaps Saint-Just was trying to set his own mind free
rather than to achieve fame. Organt sometimes suggests the
misadventures of Saint-Just, with his violent enthusiasms and
resentments, but the eroticism is heavy, and few of the themes of
his later work appear. Saint-Just’s friends scarcely mentioned it,
and his enemies derided it. The book was seized by the authorities
in June 1789, and, although it had been issued anonymously,
Saint-Just was prudent enough to hide at a friend’s home in
Paris.
In the midst of the Revolutionary upheaval, Saint-Just, eager
to participate, found himself ignored. Neither a Parisian nor a
popular orator nor a leader of men, he was also not inclined to
approve of slaughter. He did not speak of the storming of the
Bastille, which he had witnessed, until a year later, when his
attitude seemed reminiscent of that of the British politician
Edmund Burke, who opposed the French Revolution. Saint-Just
returned to his hometown at the end of July. The provinces, like
Paris, were in full revolt. Militia or national guard units were
spontaneously forming everywhere, and Saint-Just became commander
of the second unit organized in Blérancourt.
Georges Danton
But first he had to overcome the handicap of his youth and
the opposition of local cliques. As a militia commander, he went to
Paris for the Fête de la Fédération on July 14, 1790. He did not
linger there and later spoke of it in tones of
disillusionment.
Saint-Just realized that he could play the role to which he
aspired in the Revolution only by election to a key post as an
administrator or, preferably, as a deputy. He had, however, not
reached the legally required age of 25. For most men the political
clubs provided the necessary stepping-stone but not for Saint-Just,
who was never a club man, doubtless because he was too overbearing.
Instead, he became the municipal corporation counsel of
Blérancourt, championed communal welfare and free trade, and set
himself up as a spokesman for the voters. At the same time,
however, he resumed his friendship with the woman whom he had been
unable to marry and, in defiance of gossip, met her
publicly.
Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles
He succeeded in establishing his reputation beyond
Blérancourt in the district, where he was considered an energetic
and able candidate for the next National Assembly. To further his
candidacy, he wrote letters to politicians shamelessly flattering
their self-esteem and even managed to receive the congratulations
of the National Assembly after publicly burning a
counterrevolutionary pamphlet.
Though he was driven by ambition, his ambition was to serve
the cause of the poor and the peasants, and, if he turned toward
Maximilien de Robespierre, the most pitiless of the
revolutionaries, it was from conviction. Saint-Just now proposed
directing the Revolution beyond benevolent and patriotic activity
toward the making of a new society. In 1791 he finally published
Esprit de la révolution et de la constitution de France (The Spirit
of the Revolution and the Constitution of France). The exposition
was bold, vigorous, and lofty. The brief, forceful, and elliptical
formulations characterized the author. According to him, the
constitution framed by the Assembly was acceptable as a first step,
but the French were not yet free. Nor were they sovereign, but
sovereignty of the people was acceptable only if the people were
just and rational. “Law should yield nothing to opinion and
everything to ethics,” Saint-Just maintained. He confided to his
publisher that the boldness of his exposition attracted readers and
rightly added that his work, because it was based on less extensive
reading than he might have wished, had the originality of a
solitary thinker.
National Convention; Thermidorian Reaction
At that time Saint-Just believed himself to be on the eve of
a political career, and his elimination from the Assembly as a
result of his age provoked a serious crisis. “I am a slave of my
adolescence!” he cried revealingly.
He then continued his reflections on the great task of
building a society based on nature in which men would live together
rather than merely side by side. Taking his region as a model, he
observed the village communal traditions. This sojourn in the
provinces directed his thinking while straining his
energies.
His election to the National Convention in September 1792,
shortly after he became 25, finally gave him a task cut to his
measure. His first speech, in November 1792, was devoted to arguing
that it would be just to put the deposed king, Louis XVI, to death
without a trial. 'Those who attach any importance to the just
punishment of a king will never found a Republic,' he insisted. His
brilliant oratory and his implacable logic immediately established
him as one of the most militant of the Montagnards.
When the Girondins were ousted from the Convention on May 30,
1793, Saint-Just was elected to the Committee of Public Safety. In
the fall of that year, he was sent on mission to oversee the army
in the critical sector of Alsace. He proved himself a man of
decisive action, relentless in demanding results from the generals
but sympathetic to the complaints of ordinary soldiers. He
repressed local opponents of the Revolution but did not indulge in
the mass executions ordered by some of the other deputies on
mission.
Upon his return to the Convention, in year II of the French
republican calendar (1793–94), Saint-Just was elected president. He
persuaded the Convention to pass the radical Ventôse Decrees, under
which confiscated lands were supposed to be distributed to needy
patriots. These were the most revolutionary acts of the French
Revolution, because they expropriated from one class for the
benefit of another. He also joined with Robespierre in supporting
the execution of the Hébertists and Dantonists.
During the same period, Saint-Just drafted Fragments sur les
institutions républicaines, proposals far more radical than the
constitutions he had helped to frame; this work laid the
theoretical groundwork for a communal and egalitarian society. Sent
on mission to the army in Belgium, he contributed to the victory of
Fleurus on 8 Messidor, year II (June 26, 1794), which gave France
the upper hand against the Austrians. These months were the high
point of his career.
arrest of Maximilien Robespierre
But his rise to power had wrought a remarkable change in
Saint-Just’s public personality. He became a cold, almost inhuman
fanatic, as bloodthirsty as even his “god” Robespierre, a man of
many human weaknesses, was not. “The vessel of the Revolution can
arrive in port only on a sea reddened with torrents of blood,”
Saint-Just once declared to the Convention. He, rather than
Robespierre, showed himself to be the forerunner of the
totalitarian rulers of the 20th century when he said on another
occasion,
We must not only punish traitors, but all people who are not
enthusiastic. There are only two kinds of citizens: the good and
the bad. The Republic owes to the good its protection. To the bad
it owes only death.
Dreaded, almost totally isolated, and detested, he was
arrested on 9 Thermidor (July 27). Like Robespierre, he did not try
to incite the Parisian sansculottes to rise against the Convention
in his defense and was guillotined the next day.
Legacy
Saint-Just has, by turns, been lauded as the archangel of the
Revolution or abhorred as the terrorist par excellence. Recent
scholarly research has made it possible to draw the line between
man and myth. Undoubtedly the Revolution changed the unruly,
self-indulgent youth into a principled and decisive, though
ruthless, leader. To friends he was also kind, helping them in
securing positions. Yet it is doubtful whether he had friends in
the true sense, for those whom he helped attached themselves to him
without becoming his equals.
Many of his contemporaries acknowledged his ability but
considered him a monster of pride and cruelty. Others, particularly
in later generations, have viewed him as an incorruptible patriot
who paid with his life for his allegiance to democracy. Some have
seen in him the prototype of the rebel. These contradictions arise
in part from Saint-Just’s complex character and in part from an
imperfect knowledge of his childhood and adolescence.
Women admired his attractive appearance, and he could be very
engaging when he wished. Nonetheless, he had to make notes on the
conduct required “to be fortunate with women.” He measured out
doses of eagerness and indifference, affection and restraint, so as
to make a love affair last. Yet he could be genuinely affectionate
and display real family feeling. This other Saint-Just appears in
the famous portraits of Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Jacques-Louis David,
and other painters.