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“独立主格” 结构(2)

2009-08-22 14:33阅读:
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
  1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
  2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
  3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
  The test finished, we began our holiday.
 = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
  考试结束了,我们开始放假。
  
  The president assassinated , the whole country was in deep sorrow.
 = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
  总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。


  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 
  如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.   
  工作完成后,我们才回家。


  The meeting gone over, everyone tir
ed to go home earlier. 
  会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。


  He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
  
  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

英语中的独立主格结构是现代英语中经常出现的一种特殊表达手段,它用词简练,行文紧凑,描述生动,有很强的语言表现效果.因而对英语独立主格结构的特点、构成及用法深入探讨,有助于解题、写作以及口头表达能力的提高.
“独立主格”结构本身不是句子,在句中作状语 ,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等 。常见的独立主格结构有以下几种:
⒈名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词是主谓关系。如:
The girl staring at him(=As the girl stared at him),he didn't know what to say.
Time permitting (=If time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow.
⒉名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如:
The problems solved (=As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.
Her glasses broken (=Because her glasses were broken),she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
⒊名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性 的动作。如:
He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.(借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。)
They said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore.(他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。)
⒋名词/主格代词+形容词。如:
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.(那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还 。)
So many people absent,the meeting had to be called off.(这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。)
⒌名词/主格代词+副词。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out.(他把毛衣穿反了。)
The meeting over,they all went home.(会议一结束,他们就都回家了。)
⒍名词/ 主格代词+介词短语。如:
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.
Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.(玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。)
⒎there be句型在句首作状语表示原因、条件等,用there being.若它的动作发生在谓语动词之前,则使用其完成式there having been.例如:
There being nothing else to do,I went to bed.(表示原因)
There having been no rain,the ground was dry.(表示原因)
There being another chance,I'll do it better.(表示条件)

“独立主格”结构巩固练习:
⑴Off we started, ____ remaining behind.
A. he B.his C . him D.he's
⑵____ Sunday,thestudentsareathome.
A.Being B. To be C. It is D .It being
⑶So many people ____ him,he is sure to succeed.
A. helped B. help C. having helped D. to help.
⑷The key____, I couldn't enter the room.
A.has lost B.having been lost C.having lost D . has been lost.
⑸Nobody _____ any more to say, so the meeting was closed.
A.had B.having C.having had D.has
⑹The boy lay on his side, his eyes _____.
A .half close B. half closed C.half closing D.to close half.
⑺____, so Mary had to ask for leave to tend her.
A Being ill B.Her mother being ill
C.Her mother to be ill D.Her mother was ill
⑻This _____, we finally found a moment to relax.
A.done B.was done C.did D.having done
⑼All things _____, your plan is practical.
A.considering B.being considered C.considered
D. are considered
⑽Werther _____, we will start tomorrow.
A. permit B. permits C. permitted D.permitting
⑾There _____ no rain for a long time,the ground was burnt by the sun.
A.was B.had been C.has been D.having been
10.1 独立主格

(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 

(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
  1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
  2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
  3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
  The test finished, we began our holiday.
 = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
  考试结束了,我们开始放假。
  
  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
 = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
  总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。


  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 
  如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.   
  工作完成后,我们才回家。


  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 
  会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。


  He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
  
  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
10.2 With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
  with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
  = He stood there, with his hand raised.

典型例题
  The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  
  答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词'手'与分词'绑'是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.  

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
  当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 
  ( hand 前不能加his)。     

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。
  He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
 
典型例题:
 Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
 A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting
  答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
“独立主格”结构好句子:
⒈All finished ,we sat down to enjoy what we thought the most delicious.
⒉All his ribs (肋骨)broken, he lay half dead.
⒊The lady injured badly, we sent her to hospital immediately.⒋The weather being so bad,we had to put the game off.
⒌The door broken, the wind came into the room with cold.
⒍Some birds make several different sounds,each with its own meaning.
7Everybody has something to say, me included.
8.It being Sunday, you needn't go to school.
9All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.
10.Weather permitting ,We'll go to the Summer Palace.
11.All the work done, you can have a rest.
12.The test finished, we began our holiday.
13.The president assassinated , the whole country was in deep sorrow.
14.This done, we went home.   
15.The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 
16.He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
17.He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
18.A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 
19. He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
20. The girl staring at him(=As the girl stared at him),he didn't know what to say.
21. Time permitting (=If time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow.
22. The problems solved (=As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.
23. Her glasses broken (=Because her glasses were broken),she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.

24. He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.(借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。)
25. They said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore.(他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。)
26. An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.(那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还 。)
27. So many people absent,the meeting had to be called off.(这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。)
28. He put on his sweater wrong side out.(他把毛衣穿反了。)
29. The meeting over,they all went home.(会议一结束,他们就都回家了。)
30. The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.
31. Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.(玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。)
32. There being nothing else to do,I went to bed.(表示原因)
33. There having been no rain,the ground was dry.(表示原因)
34. There being another chance,I'll do it better.(表示条件)

“独立主格”结构巩固练习:
⑴Off we started, ____ remaining behind.
A. he B.his C . him D.he's
⑵____ Sunday,thestudentsareathome.
A.Being B. To be C. It is D .It being
⑶So many people ____ him,he is sure to succeed.
A. helped B. help C. having helped D. to help.
⑷The key____, I couldn't enter the room.
A.has lost B.having been lost C.having lost D . has been lost.
⑸Nobody _____ any more to say, so the meeting was closed.
A.had B.having C.having had D.has
⑹The boy lay on his side, his eyes _____.
A .half close B. half closed C.half closing D.to close half.
⑺____, so Mary had to ask for leave to tend her.
A Being ill B.Her mother being ill
C.Her mother to be ill D.Her mother was ill
⑻This _____, we finally found a moment to relax.
A.done B.was done C.did D.having done
⑼All things _____, your plan is practical.
A.considering B.being considered C.considered
D. are considered
⑽Werther _____, we will start tomorrow.
A. permit B. permits C. permitted D.permitting
⑾There _____ no rain for a long time,the ground was burnt by the sun.
A.was B.had been C.has been D.having been

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