“独立主格” 结构(2)
2009-08-22 14:33阅读:
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated ,
the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president
was assassinated, the
whole country was in
deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are
going
to visit
you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tir
ed to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
英语中的独立主格结构是现代英语中经常出现的一种特殊表达手段,它用词简练,行文紧凑,描述生动,有很强的语言表现效果.因而对英语独立主格结构的特点、构成及用法深入探讨,有助于解题、写作以及口头表达能力的提高.
“独立主格”结构本身不是句子,在句中作状语 ,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等 。常见的独立主格结构有以下几种:
⒈名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词是主谓关系。如:
The
girl
staring
at
him(=As
the
girl
stared
at
him),he
didn't
know
what
to
say.
Time
permitting
(=If
time
permits),we
will
go
for
an
outing
tomorrow.
⒉名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如:
The
problems
solved
(=As
the
problems
were
solved),the
quality
has
been
improved.
Her
glasses
broken (=Because
her
glasses
were
broken),she
couldn't
see
the
words
on
the
blackboard.
⒊名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性 的动作。如:
He
is
going
to
make
a
model
plane,some
old
parts
to
help.(借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。)
They
said
good-bye
to
each
other,one
to
go
home,the
other
to
go
to
the
bookstore.(他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。)
⒋名词/主格代词+形容词。如:
An
air accident
happened
to
the
plane,nobody
alive.(那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还
。)
So
many
people
absent,the
meeting
had
to
be
called
off.(这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。)
⒌名词/主格代词+副词。如:
He
put
on
his
sweater
wrong
side
out.(他把毛衣穿反了。)
The
meeting
over,they
all
went
home.(会议一结束,他们就都回家了。)
⒍名词/ 主格代词+介词短语。如:
The
boy
goes
to
the
classroom,book
in
hand.
Mary
was
sitting
near
the
fire,her
back
towards
the
door.(玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。)
⒎there
be句型在句首作状语表示原因、条件等,用there
being.若它的动作发生在谓语动词之前,则使用其完成式there
having
been.例如:
There
being
nothing
else
to
do,I
went
to
bed.(表示原因)
There
having
been
no
rain,the
ground
was
dry.(表示原因)
There
being
another
chance,I'll
do
it
better.(表示条件)
“独立主格”结构巩固练习:
⑴Off
we
started,
____
remaining
behind.
A. he
B.his
C . him
D.he's
⑵____
Sunday,thestudentsareathome.
A.Being
B. To
be
C.
It
is
D
.It
being
⑶So
many
people
____
him,he
is
sure
to
succeed.
A.
helped
B.
help
C.
having
helped
D.
to
help.
⑷The
key____,
I
couldn't
enter
the
room.
A.has
lost
B.having
been
lost
C.having
lost
D . has
been
lost.
⑸Nobody
_____
any
more
to
say,
so
the
meeting
was
closed.
A.had
B.having
C.having
had
D.has
⑹The
boy
lay
on
his
side,
his
eyes
_____.
A .half
close
B.
half
closed
C.half
closing
D.to
close
half.
⑺____,
so
Mary
had
to
ask
for
leave
to
tend
her.
A
Being
ill
B.Her
mother
being
ill
C.Her
mother
to
be
ill
D.Her
mother
was
ill
⑻This
_____,
we
finally
found
a
moment
to
relax.
A.done
B.was
done
C.did
D.having
done
⑼All
things _____,
your
plan
is
practical.
A.considering
B.being
considered
C.considered
D.
are
considered
⑽Werther
_____,
we
will
start
tomorrow.
A.
permit
B.
permits
C.
permitted
D.permitting
⑾There
_____
no
rain
for
a
long
time,the
ground
was
burnt
by
the
sun.
A.was
B.had
been
C.has
been
D.having
been
10.1 独立主格
(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep
sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in
deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
10.2 With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised.
典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his
back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with
+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词'手'与分词'绑'是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand 前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking
straight up.
典型例题:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we
小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go
out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
“独立主格”结构好句子:
⒈All
finished ,we
sat
down
to
enjoy
what
we
thought
the
most
delicious.
⒉All
his
ribs (肋骨)broken,
he
lay
half
dead.
⒊The lady injured badly, we
sent
her
to
hospital
immediately.⒋The
weather
being
so bad,we
had
to
put
the game
off.
⒌The
door
broken,
the
wind
came
into
the
room with
cold.
⒍Some
birds
make
several
different
sounds,each
with
its
own
meaning.
7Everybody
has
something
to
say, me
included.
8.It being Sunday, you needn't go to school.
9All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared
open.
10.Weather permitting ,We'll go to the Summer Palace.
11.All the work done, you can have a rest.
12.The test finished, we began our holiday.
13.The
president
assassinated ,
the whole country was in deep sorrow.
14.This done, we went home.
15.The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
16.He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
17.He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
18.A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
19. He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes
looking straight up.
20.
The
girl
staring
at
him(=As
the
girl
stared
at
him),he
didn't
know
what
to
say.
21. Time
permitting
(=If
time
permits),we
will
go
for
an
outing
tomorrow.
22. The
problems
solved
(=As
the
problems
were
solved),the
quality
has
been
improved.
23. Her glasses broken (=Because her
glasses
were
broken),she
couldn't
see
the
words
on
the
blackboard.
24.
He
is
going
to
make
a
model
plane,some
old
parts
to
help.(借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。)
25.
They
said
good-bye
to
each
other,one
to
go
home,the
other
to
go
to
the
bookstore.(他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。)
26.
An
air accident
happened
to
the
plane,nobody
alive.(那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还
。)
27. So
many
people
absent,the
meeting
had
to
be
called
off.(这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。)
28.
He
put
on
his
sweater
wrong
side
out.(他把毛衣穿反了。)
29. The
meeting
over,they
all
went
home.(会议一结束,他们就都回家了。)
30. The
boy
goes
to
the
classroom,book
in
hand.
31. Mary
was
sitting
near
the
fire,her
back
towards
the
door.(玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。)
32. There
being
nothing
else
to
do,I
went
to bed.(表示原因)
33. There
having
been
no
rain,the
ground
was
dry.(表示原因)
34. There
being
another
chance,I'll
do
it
better.(表示条件)
“独立主格”结构巩固练习:
⑴Off
we
started,
____
remaining
behind.
A. he
B.his
C . him
D.he's
⑵____
Sunday,thestudentsareathome.
A.Being
B. To
be
C.
It
is
D
.It
being
⑶So
many
people
____
him,he
is
sure
to
succeed.
A.
helped
B.
help
C.
having
helped
D.
to
help.
⑷The
key____,
I
couldn't
enter
the
room.
A.has
lost
B.having
been
lost
C.having
lost
D . has
been
lost.
⑸Nobody
_____
any
more
to
say,
so
the
meeting
was
closed.
A.had
B.having
C.having
had
D.has
⑹The
boy
lay
on
his
side,
his
eyes
_____.
A .half
close
B.
half
closed
C.half
closing
D.to
close
half.
⑺____,
so
Mary
had
to
ask
for
leave
to
tend
her.
A
Being
ill
B.Her
mother
being
ill
C.Her
mother
to
be
ill
D.Her
mother
was
ill
⑻This
_____,
we
finally
found
a
moment
to
relax.
A.done
B.was
done
C.did
D.having
done
⑼All
things _____,
your
plan
is
practical.
A.considering
B.being
considered
C.considered
D.
are
considered
⑽Werther
_____,
we
will
start
tomorrow.
A.
permit
B.
permits
C.
permitted
D.permitting
⑾There
_____
no
rain
for
a
long
time,the
ground
was
burnt
by
the
sun.
A.was
B.had
been
C.has
been
D.having
been
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