|
摘要：新课改实施以来，英语课堂发生了很大的变化，学生的学习兴趣较之以往提高了很多。这种变化是由多方面原因引起的，其中教材起到了突出作用。人教版初中英语教材的编写，把语言应用的基本理念转化为具有实践意义的课堂教学方式，以学生为学习活动的主体，以任务为中心，在运用语言完成各种任务的过程中来学习、体会、掌握语言。以话题为主线，采用任务型语言教学模式，兼顾交际功能和语言知识结构的学习，以一种循序渐进的生活化的学习程序，引导学生学会运用英语有目的地做事情。教材不仅重视语言的学习，更重视文化的传递；突出学生主体，尊重个体差异；发展学习策略，让学习者“学会学习”；
教材所涉及的话题贴近时代，贴近生活，贴近学生，其大多数内容都基于学生的已有经验，以及他们所熟悉和共同关心的人和事；内容可弹性大，只保底，不封顶；编排符合学习认知规律。尽管新教材有着很多优势，但任何教材都不是完美无缺或者教师可以拿来就用的。本文从教材预备单元的话题、功能、结构、目标语、词汇和学习策略六个方面入手，分析了这三个单元教材编排及其存在的问题并提出了自己的建议。 关键词：预备单元 Starter Unit 1共安排了四个活动，1a的学习目的 |
新浪博客
是为了区分英语中的男名、女名，并学会问候他人，1b的活动是听录音跟读，1c要求练习图中对话，问候同伴，1b、1c的设计意图都是为了让学生学习如何问候他人。2a要求听录音并跟读字母A-H，2b要求听录音，根据所听到的顺序为字母排序，2c要求观察并按笔顺抄写字母A-H,2d要求补全每组所缺的大写或小写字母，2e谈谈字母组合的含义，选择的是学生日常生活能够接触到的HB, CD,BBC可能不太熟悉，我们可以看到2a-2e这一组活动的目的是学生会读、会写字母A-H，熟练掌握字母顺序；3a虽是听力练习，但其主要目的是巩固1a-1c如何问候他人这一主题，3c、3d适当扩展语言点，学习了Howare
you及其回答方式；4a Name
List这个活动要求学生找到孩子的名字，按首字母顺序列表，练习字母排序，4b、4c按照从特殊到一般的推理方式学习了字母A的两个发音/ei/和/
Starter Unit 2安排了四个活动，1a的学习目的是为了复习字母A-H的大小写，1b听录音并跟读，1c要求练习图中对话，与同伴编新对话，1b、1c的设计意图都是为了让学生认识身边的物品并学会用英语表达，在这里需要注意不定冠词a/an的用法，有意识介绍元音字母。2a要求听录音并跟读字母I-R，2b要求听录音，根据所听到的顺序为字母排序，2c要求观察并按笔顺抄写字母I-R,2d要求补全每组所缺的大写或小写字母，2e谈谈字母组合(P, NBA, kg)的含义,我们可以看到2a-2e这一组活动的目的是学生会读、会写字母I-R，熟练掌握字母顺序；3a、3b看图补充完整单词，听录音，为图片编号，其主要目的是做简单的听力练习并练习字母书写和单词书写，3e是对这一活动的加深练习，3c适当扩展语言点，学习了如何拼写单词及其回答方式，3e属于对这一语言点儿的巩固练习；4a
Starter Unit 3安排了四个活动，1a看图写出与每种颜色匹配的字母，是一种直观认识颜色和学习英语的活动，1b的活动是听录音跟读，1c要求练习图中对话，与同伴编新对话，1b、1c的设计意图都是为了用英语询问物品及颜色。2a要求听录音并跟读字母S-Z，2b要求听录音，根据所听到的顺序为字母排序，2c要求观察并按笔顺抄写字母S-Z,2d要求补全每组所缺的大写或小写字母，2e谈谈字母组合(S/M/L, UFO, CCTV)的含义，我们可以看到2a-2e这一组活动的目的是学生会读、会写字母S-Z，熟练掌握字母顺序；3a是听力练习，复习颜色，3b听力练习，复习颜色并学习如何书写单词，3c听力扩展训练，增加了难度,3d用3a-3c中的物品编对话，总结了2、3单元的主要语言点；4a键盘认字母并写出相应的小写字母，4b听唱字母歌是对字母学习的总结，4c按照从特殊到一般的推理方式学习了字母U的两个发音/ʌ/和/ju:/，至此学生应该熟练掌握五个元音字母及其发音，4d听一听，唱一唱是对五个元音字母的巩固练习，加强学习的趣味性。
以下这个表格是对三个单元的话题、功能、结构、目标语、词汇和复习六个方面的总结：
通过分析，我们不难看出这三个单元要求学生做到:1.掌握问候他人、确认物体、辨认颜色、拼写单词等日常交际用语。
Lesson 1
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Develop the children’s knowledge of the alphabet.
2. Develop the children’s ability to recognize and writecapital and lower-case forms of each letter.
3. Develop the children’s knowledge to use a dictionary.
4. Develop students’ interest in English.
II. Teaching Aids.
Flashcards of all the letters, grammar sheet, dictionaries
III. Teaching Steps.
Step1. Warm up---- ABC song
2. Read these letters as slowly as possible, then as quickly as possibleto practice the alphabet order.
3. The students sing the song after me, then they sing it together. Ifyou want to make it fun, try to clap our hands when we are singing and we cansing the song slowly or quickly.
Step2. Let’s write.
2. Students follow me to read and write. Remember these letters alwaysstart at the top. I will write the letters one by one. And the students need towrite them for some times.
3. Remember the order of the alphabet. Students should practice recitingand reading these letters as often as possible.
4. Learn the vowel letters. To help students remember these five specialletters, draw a face including “a, e, i, o, u”.
Step3. Let’s practice.
2. Have a dictation about 26 letters.
1) Put these sets of letters into alphabetical order.
Cc
2) Put these words into alphabetical order.
Inky
3) Have a dictation about 26 letters.
Step4. Using a dictionary.
Aa
2. Write a few words on the board , mis-spelling some of them. Make sureall the words are included in the dictionaries used.
Leter
IV Homework.
1.
2.
3.
list）
Introduction: Each letter has two sides----letter name and letter sound,such as Aa---/æ/. Usually people just know letter name but ignore letter sound. But inmy opinion, letter sound is as important as letter name. And after learningletter sounds, students can read most of words easily ,at the same time, whenthey can read, they can write most of the words.
Lesson 2
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Ss---/s/
2. The sound of letter Aa---/
3. The sound of letter Tt---/
II. Teaching Aids.
Flashcards of star, apple and tiger
III. Teaching Steps.
1. Sing ABC song by groups.
2.
1. I say /s/, students write the letter Ss according to their feelings.
2. I draw a star, ask students “What’s this”. When students tell me theright answer, I will write down “star” on the blackboard and say /s/ /s/ /s/,star .Let them know the letter sound and realize how to use letter sound.
3. Practice letter name and letter sound.
4. Learn the chant.
Where are the stars? Are they on your hands? Draw a star in a hand. Arethey in an apple? Draw a star in an apple. No, they are in the sky.
star,star, in the sky
Do the actions when we say the chant. The teacher needs to show studentshow to write the chant.
1.
name , they write Aa.
2. Draw an apple and ask “what’s this?” It’s an apple. /
3. Learn the chant.
Draw three funny pictures, an apple in a flower, an apple on a pig and anapple on a tree. Let students choose the right picture and practice the chant “apple,apple, on a tree”.
4. Write down the key words and chant to practice students’ writing ability.
Step4.
1. I say /t/, students write the letter Ttaccording to their feelings. Then practice letter name and letter sound.
2. I do an action like a tiger, students guess what it is.
tiger , tiger, /
have the feeling of how to usephonics.
3. Show some colors of students’ clothes , like green, white, red,yellow, orange and black. And ask “What color is a tiger?” Then learn the chant“tiger, tiger, orange and black”. Do the actions about the chant.
4. Write down the key words and chant to practice students’ writingability.
1. Practice letter sounds and chants by groupwork.
2. Write down all the words and chants in their exercise books. Theteacher must make sure students can write correctly.
3. Recite and dictate key words and chants. It’s hard for some students.The teacher try to make it easy and provide help to those students after class.
4. Students try to read and write
在第二课时的教学中，已经涉及到三个单元的话题学习，并且在此基础上有些延伸，在接下来14个课时的学习中，还会继续展开对预备单元话题的学习，不断提高学生的学习兴趣。
Lesson 3
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Ii---/i:/
2. The sound of letter Pp---/p
3. The sound of letter Nn---/
Lesson 4
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Cc---/k/
2. The sound of letter Kk---/k/
3. The sound of letter Ee---/
4. The sound of letter Hh---/
学习过以上内容，学生可以进行C-V-C单词的拼读练习，还可以认识简单的字母组合的发音和书写，如下所示：
at
ap
an
it
ip
in
et
ep
en
ck
教师在教学过程中要及时总结罗列出遇到的字母组合，不要太在意这个单词是否存在或者有没有意义，学习phonics的目的是让学生遇到单词能够拼读，会读单词能够写出单词，为今后学生能够做到流利阅读打下坚实的基础。
Lesson 5
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Rr---/r/
2. The sound of letter Mm---/m/
Mm---/m/
3. The sound of letter Dd---/
Lesson 6
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Gg---/g/
2. The sound of letter Oo---
Oo---
3. The sound of letter Uu---/
Lesson 7
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Ll---/l/
2. The sound of letter Ff---/f/
Ff---/f/
3. The sound of letter
4. Blend the words.
Ll
Ff
Bb
Lesson 8
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Jj---/
2. The sound of letter Zz---/z/
Zz---/z/ zoo
3. The sound of letter Ww ---/w/
Lesson 9
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Vv---/
2. The sound of letter Yy---/
Yy---/
3. The sound of letter Ww ---/w/
Lesson 10
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of ch---/
2. The sound of sh---/
ship
3. The sound of qu---/kw/
Lesson 11
I. Teaching Aims.
Three main ways of
Lesson 12
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing.
2. Four main ways of /
Lesson 13
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing.
2. Four main ways of
Teacher shows the letters “ie” and say when two vowels walk together, thefirst does speaking.
Lesson 14
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing
2. /
3. /
Lesson 15
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing
2. /
3. /a:r/
4. /
在这一阶段学习中，一定要做到慢、实、乐。即入门阶段，进度应适当放慢，夯实基础，愉快学习英语。过好三关：字母分类关（元音字母和辅音字母）；单词和字母中包含相同因素的听力感知关；句中单词对号入座关。
参考文献
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Starter Unit 2安排了四个活动，1a的学习目的是为了复习字母A-H的大小写，1b听录音并跟读，1c要求练习图中对话，与同伴编新对话，1b、1c的设计意图都是为了让学生认识身边的物品并学会用英语表达，在这里需要注意不定冠词a/an的用法，有意识介绍元音字母。2a要求听录音并跟读字母I-R，2b要求听录音，根据所听到的顺序为字母排序，2c要求观察并按笔顺抄写字母I-R,2d要求补全每组所缺的大写或小写字母，2e谈谈字母组合(P, NBA, kg)的含义,我们可以看到2a-2e这一组活动的目的是学生会读、会写字母I-R，熟练掌握字母顺序；3a、3b看图补充完整单词，听录音，为图片编号，其主要目的是做简单的听力练习并练习字母书写和单词书写，3e是对这一活动的加深练习，3c适当扩展语言点，学习了如何拼写单词及其回答方式，3e属于对这一语言点儿的巩固练习；4a
Starter Unit 3安排了四个活动，1a看图写出与每种颜色匹配的字母，是一种直观认识颜色和学习英语的活动，1b的活动是听录音跟读，1c要求练习图中对话，与同伴编新对话，1b、1c的设计意图都是为了用英语询问物品及颜色。2a要求听录音并跟读字母S-Z，2b要求听录音，根据所听到的顺序为字母排序，2c要求观察并按笔顺抄写字母S-Z,2d要求补全每组所缺的大写或小写字母，2e谈谈字母组合(S/M/L, UFO, CCTV)的含义，我们可以看到2a-2e这一组活动的目的是学生会读、会写字母S-Z，熟练掌握字母顺序；3a是听力练习，复习颜色，3b听力练习，复习颜色并学习如何书写单词，3c听力扩展训练，增加了难度,3d用3a-3c中的物品编对话，总结了2、3单元的主要语言点；4a键盘认字母并写出相应的小写字母，4b听唱字母歌是对字母学习的总结，4c按照从特殊到一般的推理方式学习了字母U的两个发音/ʌ/和/ju:/，至此学生应该熟练掌握五个元音字母及其发音，4d听一听，唱一唱是对五个元音字母的巩固练习，加强学习的趣味性。
以下这个表格是对三个单元的话题、功能、结构、目标语、词汇和复习六个方面的总结：
| Starter Units |
Topics |
Functions |
Letters and
Structures |
Target Language |
Vocabulary |
Recycling |
| Unit 1 Good Morning! |
Meeting Friends |
Greet people |
Letters A-H Pronunciation of letters A,E |
Good morning,
Alice! |
18 words and
phrases |
|
| Unit 2 What’s this in English? |
Things around
you |
Identify things Spell words |
Letters I-R Pronunciation of
letters I，O What question |
What’s this in
English? It’s an orange. Spell it, please. O-R-A-N-G-E. |
19 words and
phrases |
Unit 1 |
| Unit 3 What color is it? |
Colors |
Identify colors |
Letters S-Z Pronunciation of
letters A,E,I,O,U What question |
What color is it? It’s red. |
15 words and
phrases |
Unit 1 and Unit
2 |
Lesson 1
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Develop the children’s knowledge of the alphabet.
2. Develop the children’s ability to recognize and writecapital and lower-case forms of each letter.
3. Develop the children’s knowledge to use a dictionary.
4. Develop students’ interest in English.
II. Teaching Aids.
Flashcards of all the letters, grammar sheet, dictionaries
III. Teaching Steps.
Step1. Warm up---- ABC song
2. Read these letters as slowly as possible, then as quickly as possibleto practice the alphabet order.
3. The students sing the song after me, then they sing it together. Ifyou want to make it fun, try to clap our hands when we are singing and we cansing the song slowly or quickly.
Step2. Let’s write.
2. Students follow me to read and write. Remember these letters alwaysstart at the top. I will write the letters one by one. And the students need towrite them for some times.
3. Remember the order of the alphabet. Students should practice recitingand reading these letters as often as possible.
4. Learn the vowel letters. To help students remember these five specialletters, draw a face including “a, e, i, o, u”.
Step3. Let’s practice.
2. Have a dictation about 26 letters.
1) Put these sets of letters into alphabetical order.
Cc
2) Put these words into alphabetical order.
Inky
3) Have a dictation about 26 letters.
Step4. Using a dictionary.
Aa
2. Write a few words on the board , mis-spelling some of them. Make sureall the words are included in the dictionaries used.
Leter
IV Homework.
1.
2.
3.
list）
Introduction: Each letter has two sides----letter name and letter sound,such as Aa---/æ/. Usually people just know letter name but ignore letter sound. But inmy opinion, letter sound is as important as letter name. And after learningletter sounds, students can read most of words easily ,at the same time, whenthey can read, they can write most of the words.
Lesson 2
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Ss---/s/
2. The sound of letter Aa---/
3. The sound of letter Tt---/
II. Teaching Aids.
Flashcards of star, apple and tiger
III. Teaching Steps.
1. Sing ABC song by groups.
2.
1. I say /s/, students write the letter Ss according to their feelings.
2. I draw a star, ask students “What’s this”. When students tell me theright answer, I will write down “star” on the blackboard and say /s/ /s/ /s/,star .Let them know the letter sound and realize how to use letter sound.
3. Practice letter name and letter sound.
4. Learn the chant.
Where are the stars? Are they on your hands? Draw a star in a hand. Arethey in an apple? Draw a star in an apple. No, they are in the sky.
star,star, in the sky
Do the actions when we say the chant. The teacher needs to show studentshow to write the chant.
1.
name , they write Aa.
2. Draw an apple and ask “what’s this?” It’s an apple. /
3. Learn the chant.
Draw three funny pictures, an apple in a flower, an apple on a pig and anapple on a tree. Let students choose the right picture and practice the chant “apple,apple, on a tree”.
4. Write down the key words and chant to practice students’ writing ability.
Step4.
1. I say /t/, students write the letter Ttaccording to their feelings. Then practice letter name and letter sound.
2. I do an action like a tiger, students guess what it is.
tiger , tiger, /
have the feeling of how to usephonics.
3. Show some colors of students’ clothes , like green, white, red,yellow, orange and black. And ask “What color is a tiger?” Then learn the chant“tiger, tiger, orange and black”. Do the actions about the chant.
4. Write down the key words and chant to practice students’ writingability.
1. Practice letter sounds and chants by groupwork.
2. Write down all the words and chants in their exercise books. Theteacher must make sure students can write correctly.
3. Recite and dictate key words and chants. It’s hard for some students.The teacher try to make it easy and provide help to those students after class.
4. Students try to read and write
在第二课时的教学中，已经涉及到三个单元的话题学习，并且在此基础上有些延伸，在接下来14个课时的学习中，还会继续展开对预备单元话题的学习，不断提高学生的学习兴趣。
Lesson 3
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Ii---/i:/
2. The sound of letter Pp---/p
3. The sound of letter Nn---/
Lesson 4
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Cc---/k/
2. The sound of letter Kk---/k/
3. The sound of letter Ee---/
4. The sound of letter Hh---/
学习过以上内容，学生可以进行C-V-C单词的拼读练习，还可以认识简单的字母组合的发音和书写，如下所示：
at
ap
an
it
ip
in
et
ep
en
ck
教师在教学过程中要及时总结罗列出遇到的字母组合，不要太在意这个单词是否存在或者有没有意义，学习phonics的目的是让学生遇到单词能够拼读，会读单词能够写出单词，为今后学生能够做到流利阅读打下坚实的基础。
Lesson 5
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Rr---/r/
2. The sound of letter Mm---/m/
Mm---/m/
3. The sound of letter Dd---/
| at |
ap |
an |
ar |
am |
ad |
| it |
ip |
in |
ir |
im |
id |
| et |
ep |
en |
er |
em |
ed |
| ea |
ee |
ck |
Lesson 6
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Gg---/g/
2. The sound of letter Oo---
Oo---
3. The sound of letter Uu---/
| at |
ap |
an |
ar |
am |
ad |
ag |
| it |
ip |
in |
ir |
im |
id |
ig |
| et |
ep |
en |
er |
em |
ed |
eg |
| ot |
op |
on |
or |
om |
od |
og |
| ut |
up |
un |
ur |
um |
ud |
ug |
| ee |
ea |
ck |
oo |
Lesson 7
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Ll---/l/
2. The sound of letter Ff---/f/
Ff---/f/
3. The sound of letter
4. Blend the words.
Ll
Ff
Bb
Lesson 8
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Jj---/
2. The sound of letter Zz---/z/
Zz---/z/ zoo
3. The sound of letter Ww ---/w/
Lesson 9
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of letter Vv---/
2. The sound of letter Yy---/
Yy---/
3. The sound of letter Ww ---/w/
Lesson 10
I. Teaching Aims.
1. The sound of ch---/
2. The sound of sh---/
ship
3. The sound of qu---/kw/
Lesson 11
I. Teaching Aims.
Three main ways of
Lesson 12
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing.
2. Four main ways of /
Lesson 13
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing.
2. Four main ways of
Teacher shows the letters “ie” and say when two vowels walk together, thefirst does speaking.
Lesson 14
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing
2. /
3. /
Lesson 15
I. Teaching Aims.
1. Teach students how to write joinedup writing
2. /
3. /a:r/
4. /
在这一阶段学习中，一定要做到慢、实、乐。即入门阶段，进度应适当放慢，夯实基础，愉快学习英语。过好三关：字母分类关（元音字母和辅音字母）；单词和字母中包含相同因素的听力感知关；句中单词对号入座关。
参考文献
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