外语教学法第三章
2009-11-17 14:11阅读：
Morphology
1,The definition of morphology
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal
structure of words and the rules by which words are
formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规律。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional
morphology and lexical or derivational
morphology.屈折形态学和词汇形态学/派生形态学
Inflectional morphology studies the inflections.研究单词的屈折变化。
Lexical morphology is the study of word-formation.研究构词法。
2,Morpheme
Morpheme ----- free morpheme
----- bound morpheme----- roots
------ affixes ----- inflectional affixes
br> -----
derivational affixes
affixes -----
prefixes
----- suffixes
语素——自由语素
——黏着语素——词根
——词缀——屈折词缀
词缀——前缀
——派生词缀
——后缀
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language.语言最小的意义单位。Just
as a phonome is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a
morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
3,Types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes
Free morphemes: free morphemes are the morphemes which are
independent unit of meaning and can be used freely all by
themselves or in combination with other morpheme.例子
Bound morphemes: bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be
used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,
either free or bound, to form a word.
4,Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes
Roots: a root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand
by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be
combined with another root or an affix to form a word. (Such roots
are numerous in English.)例子
Affixes:
(1)Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational
Inflectional affixes: inflectional affixes or inflectional
morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical
categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
Derivational affixes: derivational affixes are added to an existing
form to create a word.(this is a very common way to create new
words in English.) Such a way of word-formation is called
derivation and the new word formed by derivation is called a
derivative. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be
added is called a stem.
(2)Affixes are divided into two kind: prefixes and suffixes,
according to its position in the new word.
Prefixes: prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes
modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the
part of speech of the original word.
Suffixes: suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify
the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part
of speech.
5,Morphological rules
There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type
of stem to form a new word.
In using the morphological rules, we must guard against
overgeneralization.
6,Compounding
Like derivation, compounding is another popular and
important way of forming new words in English. Compounding
can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two
words to create new words.
Types of compound words: there are various ways to classify the
compound words.
7,Features of compounds复合词特征---例子
Orthographically, a compound can be written as one word with
or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate
words.从正字法上看，一个复合词在拼写的时候中间可以带有也可以不带有连字符，或者写成两个单独分开的单词。
Syntactically, the part of speech of the compound is generally
determined by the part of speech of the second
element.从句法上来讲，复合词的词类一般都是由单词中第二个成分所决定的。
Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not
always being the sum total of the meanings of its
components.从语义的角度来看，一个复合词的意义经常是约定成俗的，而不总是它各个组成部分意义的综合。
Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first
element, while the second element receives secondary stress. This
is important because it helps us to distinguish –ing forms
that are used as a pre-modifier of a noun and those that are used
as the first part of a compound
word.从语音的角度来看，一个复合词的重音经常是落在第一个复合成分上，而第二个成分只有次重音。这一点非常重要，因为它可以帮助我们把用作名词前置修饰词的-ing形式和用作复合词第一个构词成分的-ing形式区别开来。
