42) ________. Nearly all of the fossils
that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and
most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it
follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and
insects of which we know nothing.
43) ________ There were also crab-like
creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The
body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on
the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of
shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of
lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2
feet.
44) ________. Of these, the ammonites are
very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many
chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the
young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous
one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset
Coast.
45) ________.
About 75 million years ago the Age of
Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals
quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar
animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals,
though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured
by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different
kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because
their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils.
From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the
kind of food they ate.
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,
first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300
million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on
land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet
long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal
seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles
and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of
life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These
animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the
world.
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very
simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex,
and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes,
which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea
bed, or to rocks.
[F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be
carried away by streams into lakes or the sea arid there get
covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would
probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall
upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and
preserved.
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks.
Remains of an organism may be replaced by
minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their
impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
二、排序题
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions
41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a
coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each
numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed
for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
[A] 'I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job.
We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards
at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off
in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting
and challenging because it isn't — it's boring, routine paperwork,
and there isn't much you can do about it.
[B] 'Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge
on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's
not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to
get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years
than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained
to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms.
All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that
get noticed.
[C] 'I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the
force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the
street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact
they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention,
and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people
out at fires,' accidents, and other emergencies.
[D] 'Some people have suggested a number of things like using
conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know
that's not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork
increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork
doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team
competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys
caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of
reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should
they labor when there was no payoff.'
[E]'The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate
to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is
frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention
hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual
reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as
one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the
rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to
lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] 'So I just don't know What to do. I've been groping in the dark
in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some
light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future
work.'
[G ] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number
of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of
various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions
the topic to be discussed was motivation — how we can get public
servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police
captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
三、信息匹配题
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing,
followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the
list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra
example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET l.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant
you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar
'tombstone' that lists where you went to school and where you've
worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the
'functional' resume — descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and
much more likely to land you an interview.
It's handy to have a 'tombstone' for
certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of
those un-requested' tombstone 'lists, preferring to interview the
quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a
functional resume that will get read — a resume that makes you come
alive and look interesting to employers.
41.Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read
with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42.Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality
traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill
areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of
work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think
about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But
everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer
would be glad to punch — if only you show it.
43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that 'brevity is the best
policy.'
44.Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work.
If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45.Never apologize:
If you've returning to the work force after
fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary
of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don't
apologize for working at being a mother; it's the hardest job of
all. If you have no special training or higher education, just
don't mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing
about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily
consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your
life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don't worry
at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot
patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the
meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover
patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership
skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try
to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills
heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may
take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you've ready to
show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction.
When you've satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is
far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard
job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn't that the kind of person you'd want
working for your?
[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher's aide due to a
cutback in government funding wrote: 'Principal of elementary
school cited me as the only teacher's aide she would rehire if
government funds became available.'
[B] One resume I received included the following: 'Invited
by my superior to straighten out our organization's accounts
receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts
weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise
and promotion.' Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies
how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward — all in 34
words.
[C] For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and
investing money, you have money management skills.
[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an
opportunity due to the statement 'Ready to learn though not so well
educated'.
[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes
in three different styles in order to find out which was more
preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills
and education background.
[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her
employer had faced. She'd agreed to work without pay for three
months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a
20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn't in her
resume. She answered, 'It wasn't important.' What she was really
saying of course was 'I'm not important.'
四、小标题题
Passage 1
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about
plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable
heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The
first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is
one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)
[A] What to do as a student?
[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community
have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another
person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism
is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source
of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is 'the wrongful
appropriation or purloining, and publication as one's own of the
ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.'
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In
many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a
particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary
world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international
copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to
imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and
writers, through the copyright laws and through the social
pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively
recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require
writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their
sources.
Students, as inexperienced scholars
themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being
self-critical in their use of other scholars' ideas and by giving
appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words,
otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three
classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students'
inexactness in identifying sources properly.
They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by
intention.
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of
the writer's inability to decide or
remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago,
heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand
or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have
difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge
that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this
type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious
and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely
punished.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that
inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge
their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking,
quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography — are easily learned and
can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions
in his references. Although 'there is no copyright in news, or in
ideas, only in the expression of them,' the writer cannot plead
ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
The most serious kind of academic thievery
is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and
dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims
them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the
reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as
immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe
the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and
trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are
careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources.
Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and
professional leaders, should recognize and assume their
responsibility to document all sources from which language and
thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not
only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and
honesty.
Passage 2
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about
how to select a fund． Choose the most suitable heading from the
list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41-45)． The first and last
paragraph of the text are not numbered． There is one extra
heading which you do not need to use． Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET1.(10 points)．
A) Watching related expenses and making wise choice．
B) Paying attention to details
C) Weighing your financial goals and expectations first
D) Maintaining realistic expectations
E) Narrowing the Search
F) Not too special
Eating better. Exercising. Investing. There are a lot of
things you know should he doing. There problem is that getting
started always seems to be the hardest pat. For many investors,
mutual funds are a good way to go, but trying to sort through the
number of available choices——now more than 1 0,000——makes this
important task appear overwhelming Let’s look at some ways to cut
that number down to a
reasonable size, as well as other
factors to consider when selecting your first fund．
Before you begin examining potential investments, it’s
important to take some time to access your own goals and risk
tolerance. If you start with a clear objective in mind, as well as
an understanding as to how you might react if your investment loses
money, you’11 be less likely to purchase a fund that doesn’t fit
your needs .And that’s what often leads it disappointment It is
important to look for funds that are appropriate—ate for both your
goals and your investment temperament．
One way to begin your search for a good fund is to use the
Momingstar stat rating. The rating is a useful tool for narrowing
the field to funds that have done a good job of balancing return
and risk in the past. To assign rating, Morningstar uses a formula
that compares a fund’s risk—adjusted historical performance with
that of other funds within four rating groups——domestic stock
funds, international stock funds, taxable bond funds, and municipal
bond funds．
Funds that invest solely in a single market sectors, called
specialty funds, often have impressive returns and may be great
additions to a diversified portfolio. However, the success of such
funds depends largely on the fortunes of a particular market
sector. Hence, specialty funds probably aren’t the best way to
start. For your first fund, look for a diversified stock fund that
has exposure to different types of stocks．
There’s no free lunch in fund investing：1n addition to the
sales fees that some fund companies charge, fund investors must
also pay management fees and trading cost. Unfortunately, you don’t
necessarily get what you pay for—no one has ever shown that more
expensive funds provide greater returns. Look for funds with
reasonable costs. The expense ratio, which expresses annual costs
as a percentage amount, is probably the best number to use when
comparing mutual fund costs．
Whatever the market does, try to take it in stride. You’re
in for the long haul, so don’t worry about the market’s day—to—day
gyrations. Relax and resist the temptation to monitor your first
investment daily. Check in on your mutual funds once a month, and
give your portfolio a thorough exam every 6 to 12 months. And
consider adding to your fund each month. An automatic investment
plan makes it a relatively painless process. Finally, remember that
the ultimate measure of your Success as an investor depends not on
your owning the best—performing mutual fund. Only one fund will be
the top performer over the next decade, and there’s no way to
predict which one it will be. Meeting your own financial goals
should ultimately be the yardstick by which you measure your
investment success．
一、
七（六）选五
41. B
42. F
43. E
44. A
45. C
二、
排序题
41. C
42. E
43. A
44. B
45. D
三、
例子或匹配题
41. F
42. C
43. B
44. A
45. D
四、
小标题题
Passage 1
41. F
42. A
43. D
44. C
45. E
Passage 2
41. C
42. E
43. F
44. A
45. D
