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V-ing形式的用法和意义

2010-12-06 10:26阅读:
V-ing形式的用法和意义
V-ing形式包括动名词和现在分词(短语)
1.动名词
动名词是指具有名词性质,可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语。但不能单独做谓语的v-ing形式;
1)动名词作主语的用法:
动名词作主语时,往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作,在口语中也可以表示具体的动作。
e.g. Painting is his hobby. (绘画是他的爱好。)
注意:①动名词作主语和不定式作主语一样,也可以用it作形式主语。
e.g. It is no use talking without doing.(光说不做没有用。)
②不定式作主语往往表示具体的特别是将来的动作;
e.g. It’s so hot, what I want to do now is to have a swim in a river.
(天这么热,现在我想做的事就是在河里游泳。)
2)动名词作宾语的用法:
(1)有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语;
e.g. advise, advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, excuse, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep(on), mind, practice, suggest, understand, miss, give up, insist on, think of, dream of, hear of, depend on, feel like, devote…to…, get used to, can’t stand, prevent / stop / keep…from…, look forward to, have difficulty in, be fond of…, be proud of, object to, set about, thank for, put off , stick to, suggest, think of, dream of, hear of, de
pend on, get used to, prevent / stop / keep…from ,have difficulty in, be fond of, be proud of, object to, set about, thank for等。
(2)在allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词作宾语,如有名词或代词作宾语,则构成“~名词/代词+to do sth.(宾补)”形式。
e.g. We don’t allow smoking here.(我们这儿不允许吸烟。)
We don’t allow anybody to smoking here.
(我们这儿不允许任何人吸烟。)
(3)动词need, regret want意为“需要”时,后跟动名词得到主动式(表示被动的含义,)或不定式的被动式作宾语,意义没有区别;
e.g. The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.
= The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.
(4) 下列动词可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语,意义区别不大:
begin, continue, like, love, prefer, start, hate等。
(5)下列动词可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语,意义有明显的区别:
to do sth.:忘记去做某事 (未做)
①forget doing sth.:忘记做过某事 (已做)
to do sth.:记着去做某事(未做)
②remember doing sth.:记着做了某事(已做)
to do sth.:对即将做的事表示遗憾
③regret doing sth.:对做过的事表示遗憾
e.g. I regret to tell you that his father died.
(很抱歉告诉你他父亲过世了。)
I regret having done such a thing. (很后悔做了这样的事。)
to do sth.:停下做另一件事(状语)
④stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事情(宾语)
to do sth.:尽力去做某事
⑤try doing sth.:试着做某事
to do sth.:打算要做某事
⑥mean doing sth.:意味着,意思是,就是
e.g. Accepting the job means living abroad.
(接受这项工作就意味着在国外居住。)
I didn’t mean to start an argument.
(我不想和你吵。)
to do sth.:做完一件,继续另一件事
⑦go on doing sth.:继续原来做的那件事
e.g. Go on reading Lesson 3.
Go on to read Lesson 3.
⑧be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事
to do sth. 被用来作某事
e.g. He id used to getting up early.
Wood is used to make paper.
⑨can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
e.g. After hearing the story, we couldn’t help laughing.
I’m sorry that I can’t help you to finish the task.
3)动名词的复合结构:
(1)形容词性的形容词性的物主代词 + 动名词 e.g. his coming
(2)名词’s + 动名词 e.g. Tom’s arriving
(3)代词的宾格 + 动名词 e.g. him finishing
(4)名词 + 动名词 e.g. Tom coming
4)动名词的时态
在时态上,动名词有一般时(doing)和完成时(having dong)两种形式。当动名词表示的动作发生地时间不明确或与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动词动作之后,用动名词的一般式;当动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时,常用动名词的完成式。
e.g. I enjoy playing football. (playing 的时间不明确)
He’s been used to going to bed late. (①和②两个动作同时发生)

He is looking forward to seeing you soon. (②在①之后)

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. (②在①之前)

5)动名词的语态
在语态上,动名词有主动式(doing, having done)和被动式(being done, having been done).
e.g. He insisted on sending her to hospital.
He insisted on being sent to work in the countryside.
2.现在分词
由于V-ing形式的用法比较复杂,故在此只是对现在分词作状语做一总结,(其与动名词的异同见3.) 因此在这要特别注意现在分词所表示的动作和主句谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系:
在时态上,现在分词有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)两种形式。当现在分词所表示的动作与主句的谓语动词所表示的的动作同时进行,用现在分词的一般式;当现在分词所表示的动作发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的的动作之前,则用现在分词的完成式;
e.g. Walking in the park, she saw an old friend.
(当她在公园散步时,他看到了一个老朋友。)
Having lived in the city for many years, I know it well.
(因为在这个城市住了多年,所以我对它非常了解。)
在语态上,现在分词有主动式(doing, having done)和被动式(being done, having been done)两种形式。一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行或与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行;完成式表示一个被动动作在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了;
e.g. When being asked why he was late, he made no answer.
(当被问及为什么迟到的时候,他没有回答。)
Having been rebuilt this way, these temples look even more beautiful.
(这些寺庙经过这样重建以后,更加美丽了。)
现在分词作状语
现在分词(短语)作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语,分词必须和主句的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
现在分词(短语)可以在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子,用来表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和伴随状况。其句型是:“现在分词(短语),主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分”
e.g. Standing on the top of the mountain, I could see the whole city.
(站在山顶上,我能看见整个城市。)
1) 现在分词作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句;
Not knowing her telephone, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
2) 现在分词作时间状语,相当于when, while所引导的时间状语从句;
(1)当分词的动作一发生,主句的动作随之也发生时,可用分词作状语,放在主句前面,译作“当…的时候”,此时它可以置换成“on + 动名词”结构,这种用法的动词都是瞬间动词,如:look, hear, see, return, open, leave, close等;
e.g. Hearing the news, they couldn’t help jumping.
= On hearing the news, they couldn’t help jumping.
(2)当分词的动作正在进行时,主句的动作发生了,此时可以用现在分词作状语,译作“当…的时候”,但它的前面一般加“when / while”。
e.g. When leaving the station, he waved again and again to me.
(离开车站时,他向我频频挥手。)
(3)当分词的动作完成以后,主句的动作才发生,用现在分词的完成时态作状语,译作“在…之后”,此时可以置换为“after + 动名词”。
3)现在分词作方式状语或伴随状语,说明动作发生地背景或情况;
当分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生时,它可以转换成并列句。
e.g. We explored the cave, Black acting as a guide.
= We explored the cave, and Black acted as a guide.
4)现在分词作结果状语,通常放在句末,中间用逗号隔开,表示一种自然的结果
e.g. The snow lasted a week, resulting in serious traffic confusion in the whole city. (雪下了一星期,造成整个城市交通瘫痪。)
5)现在分词作让步状语,相当于一个让步状语从句,有时分词前可带有连词although, whether, even if, even though等;
e.g. Admitting what she said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best.
(尽管承认她所说的话,但我仍然认为她没有尽最大努力。)
6)现在分词作条件状语,分词短语有时表示一种假设的条件情况,相相当于一个条件状语从句。在这种情况下,有时在分词前面加上if, unless使条件更明显;
e.g. Working hard, you’ll succeed.
= If you work hard, you’ll succeed.
3.动名词和现在分词的异同点
1)V-ing形式作表语
(1)名词和现在分词作表语的区别:
①动名词作表语一般表示抽象性的、习惯性的动作,主语和表语的位置可以互换;
e.g. Her job is teaching.
②现在分词作表语说明主语的性质、特征,主语和表语不能交换位置;
e.g. He is washing the dishes.
(2)表语是动名词或现在分词的判断方法:
①倒置法:即将句子中的主语和表语位置互换,谓语动词不动,若新组成的句子与原句的意思相符,则句中的V-ing形式就是动名词,否则为现在分词;
e.g. Her job is teaching English. (动名词)
Her job is interesting. (现在分词)
②加入法:在表语前加上副词very,so, 或more, most等,句子意思通顺、明确,则句中的V-ing形式为现在分词,否则为动名词;
e.g. My job is (very) interesting. (现在分词)
My job is (so) teaching English. (动名词)
同时,还可以在表语后加个能作宾语的名词,若句子正确则V-ing为动名词,否则为现在分词;
e.g. My job is interesting (you). (×) (现在分词)
My job is teaching (you) English. (√) (动名词)
③提问法:能用how对表语提问的是现在分词,反之为动名词;能用what对表语提问的是动名词,反之为现在分词;
e.g. My job is interesting. How is your job? (现在分词)
My job is teaching English. What is your job? (动名词)
2)V-ing形式作定语
单个的V-ing形式作定语时,一般放在被修饰词的前面,而V-ing短语(一般为现在分词短语)作定语时,一般放在被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句;
e.g. a waiting room a dancing girl
The man talking in my headmaster is my father.
动名词和现在分词作定语的区别:
(1)现在分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,表示该动作的主动和进行。即:将被修饰的名词作主语,用be连接V-ing形式,逻辑上行得通,v-ing形式就为现在分词,否则为动名词。
e.g. a sleeping boy = a boy is sleeping (现在分词)
a dinning room ≠ a room is dinning (动名词)
(2)动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途,它们之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。即:我们也可以把be换成for来判断。
e.g. a barking dog ≠ a dog for barking (现在分词)
a sleeping car = a car is sleeping (动名词)
3)V-ing形式(一般为现在分词短语)作宾语补足语
在感管动词(see, find, notice, watch等)后面作宾语补足语,这时V-ing形式和句子的宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,并且V-ing形式表示宾语正在进行的动作。
e.g. They saw the boys playing on the playground.

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