Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学
2007-12-26 09:11阅读：
1.Morphology定义: It is a branch of
grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules
that form the words.
Morphology is two sub-branch: inflectional morphology and
lexical or derivational morphology.
2.词素可以划分成哪些类别？
Morpheme定义:
the smallest meaningful unit of language. (A phoneme is the basic
unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in
the study of morphology.)
Type of
morphemes分类:（两类）
free morphemes and bound morphemes (include root and
affixes)
(1)Free morphemes: They are the
independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by
thems
elves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
(2)Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used
independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either
free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in
“bookish”.
※Bound morphemes
分为两类can be subdivided into roots and
affixes.词缀
A root is seen as part of a word;
it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite
meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”.
※Such roots are numerous in English for example:
'geo-“bears the meaning of “the earth”. When it combines with
another root “-ology”meaning “a branch of learning”, we got the
word “geology” which means “the study of the earth’s
structure.
※Affixes词缀 are of two
types: inflectional 曲折词缀and
derivational派生词缀.
Inflectional morphemes manifest various
grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the
word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. -(e)s,
indicating plurality of nouns.
-(e)s, indicating third person singular, present tense.
-(e)d, indicating past tense for all three persons.
-ing, indicating progressive aspect.
-er, indicating comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs.
-est, indicating superlative degree of adjectives and
adverbs.
-‘s, indicating the possessive case of
nouns..
Derivational affixes派生词缀
are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-”
in the word “misinform”
※The existing form to which a derivational affix
can be added is called a stem
※Derivational affixes can also be divided into
prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes
occur at the beginning of a word, modify the meaning of the
stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original
word.
Suffixes
at the end of a word, are added to the end of stems. They
modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change
its part of speech.
3. Morphological rules
We must guard
against overgeneralization. Different words may require different
affixes to create the same meaning change.
4.Compounding
的地位is popular and important way of
forming new words in English. In terms of morphemic analysis,
derivation can be viewed ad the addition of affixes to stems to
form new words, and compounding the combination of two or sometimes
more than two words to create new words.
5.Features of compounds 复合词有什么特点？
1.orthographically(拼写特征): a
compound can be written as one with or without a hyphen, or as two
separate words. For example: armchair, follow-up, thunder
bird.
2.syntactically(句法特征): the part of speech
of the compound is generally determined by the part of speech of
the second element. For example: ice-cold (adj.) greenhouse
(noun).
3.sematically（语意特征）: the meaning of a
compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the
meanings of the meanings of its components. For example: a blackleg
is not a leg that is black, it means cheater
4.phonetically（语音特征）: the stress of a
compound always falls on the first element, while the second
element receives secondary stress.
• What are the processes of lexical
change?
They are invention, blending, abbreviation/clipping, acronym,
back-formation, analogical creation, borrowing.
• What is invention/coinage?
Invention is one of the processes of lexical change in which
many new lexical items come directly from the customer items, their
producers or their brand names and others to cope with the
invention of new entities.
• What is blending?
Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in
which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the
first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the
initial parts of the two words.
• What is abbreviation/clipping?
Abbreviation/clipping is one of the processes of lexical
change in which a new word is created by cutting the final part,
the initial part, or both the initial and final parts
accordingly.
• What is acronym?
Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an
organization, which has a heavily modified headword.
• What is back-formation?
Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation
where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from
a longer form already in the language.
• What is analogical creation?
Analogical creation is generalization of forms. It can
account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular,
in the conjugation of some English verbs.
• What is borrowing?
Borrowing is one of the processes of lexical change in which
new words are borrowed from other languages.
• What is collocation?
It refers to the habitual co-occurrences of individual
lexical items.
