Chinese Architecture: Art and Artifacts
2013-01-16 16:48阅读：
Chinese Architecture: Art and Artifacts
为什么研究中国建筑
作者简介：梁思成，中国著名建筑史学家、建筑师、城市规划师和建筑教育家，曾参加中华人民共和国国徽、人民英雄纪念碑等的设计，是新中国首都城市规划工作的推动者和新中国若干重大设计方案的主持者。
内容简介：著名建筑学家梁思成先生英文文集汇编，收选其八篇文章及考察报告，配有中文译文与近百幅珍贵的建筑手绘图稿和照片。
Architecture
建筑
Although the ancient Chinese never considered architecture a fine
art, in China as in the West it has been the mother of the fine
arts. It was through the medium of architectural decoration that
painting and sculpture matured and gained recognition as
independent arts.
中国古人从未把建筑当成一种艺术，但像在西方一样，建筑一直是艺术之母。正是通过作为建筑装饰，绘画与雕塑走向成熟，并被认作是独立的艺术。
Technique and Forms
技术与形式
The architecture of China is an
indigenous system of construction which was conceived
in the dawn of Chine
se civilization and has been developing ever since. Its
characteristic form is a
timber
skeleton or framework standing on a
masonry
platform and covered by a pitched roof with overhanging eaves. The
spaces between the posts and
lintels of
the framework may be filled in with curtain walls whose sole
function is to separate one portion of the building from another,
or the interior from the exterior. The walls of the Chinese
building, unlike those of the conventional European building, are
free from the weight of the upper floors and the roof, and may be
installed or omitted as required. By adjusting the proportion of
the open and walled-in spaces, the architect may admit or exclude
just the amount of light and air appropriate to any purpose and to
any climate. Tis high degree of adaptability has enabled Chinese
architecture to follow Chinese civilization wherever it has
spread.
中国建筑是一种土生土长的构筑系统，它在中国文明萌生时期即已出现，其后不断得到发展。它的特征性形式是立在砖石基座上的木骨架即木框架，上面有带挑檐的坡屋顶。木框架的梁与柱之间，可以筑幕墙，幕墙的唯一功能是划分内部空间及区别内外。中国建筑的墙与欧洲传统房屋中的墙不同，它不承受屋顶或上面楼层的重量，因而可随需要而设或不设。建筑设计者通过调节开敞与封闭的比例，控制光线和空气的流入量，一切全看需要及气候而定。高度的适应性使中国建筑随着中国文明的传播而扩散。
As the Chinese system of construction evolved and matured, rules
like the orders of classical European architecture were developed
to govern the proportion of the different members of the building.
In buildings of a monumental character the order is enriched by
tou-kung, sets of brackets on top of the columns supporting the
beams within and roof eaves without. Each set consists of tiers of
outstretching arms called kung, cushioned with trapezoidal blocks
called tou. The tou-kung arefunctional members of the structure,
carrying the beams and permitting the deep overhang of the eaves.
As they evolved, they assumed different shapes and proportions. In
earlier periods they were simple and large in proportion to the
size of the building; later they became smaller and smaller and
more complicated. Hence they serve as a convenient index to the
date of construction.
当中国的构筑系统演进和成熟后，像欧洲古典建筑柱式那样的规则产生出来，它们控制建筑物各部分的比例。在纪念性的建筑上，建筑规范由于采用斗拱而得到丰富。斗拱由一系列置于柱顶的托木组成，在内部它承托木梁，在外部它支承屋檐。一攒斗拱中包括几层横向伸出的臂，叫“拱”，梯形的垫木叫“斗”。斗拱本是结构中有功能作用的部件，它承托木梁又使屋檐伸出得远一些。在演进过程中，斗拱有多种多样的形式和比例。早期的斗拱形式简单，在房屋尺寸中占的比例较大；后来斗拱变得小而复杂。因此，斗拱可作为房屋建造时代的方便的指示物。
The planning problem of the Chinese architect is not that of
partitioning a single building, since the framing system makes the
interior partition mere screens, but of placing the various
buildings of which a Chinese house is composed.
由于框架结构使内墙变为隔断，所以中国建筑的平面布置不在于单幢房屋之内部划分，而在于多座不同房屋的布局安排，中国的住宅是由这些房屋组成的。
In 676 AD Empress Wu ordered all her court ladies to donate their
cosmetic allowance for the caving of this
colossal
vairochana group at Lung-men. The entire group was sheltered by a
wooden hall that has disappeared. Holes and grooves on the cliff
still indicate clearly the position and
curvature of the roof and the location of many
beams.
公元676年，武后颁旨所有宫娥捐献脂粉钱在龙门开凿这组卢舍那巨型群像。群像原覆有木构寺阁，现已不存，崖上龛壁处仍有卯孔与凹槽清楚指示屋顶刻槽位置及梁柱位置。
The oldest brick pagoda in China is in the compound of the ancient
Buddhist temple of Sung-yueh Ssu at Sung shan, Honan. The pagoda,
built in 523 AD, is very unusual in style having, as it does,
twelve sides and fifteen stories.
这座中国现存最早的砖塔位于河南嵩山嵩岳寺院内。该塔建于公元523年，其十二边形和十五层的形制极为罕见。
China’s oldest stone pagoda, erected at the back of T’ai Shan,
probably in 544 AD, is a simple structure, a single-storied
pavilion unlike what is generally known as a pagoda.
Its doorways are arched; its roof is a stepped
pyramid
with a
stupa.
神通寺四门塔——中国现存最早的石塔，大约建于公元544年，位于泰山之阴。它是一个与一般概念的塔不同的单层简单结构。塔门呈拱状，塔顶为
堵坡样式的金字塔。
The “Great Gander” Pagoda, Sian, is one of the most sacred
monuments of Buddhist China. The present pagoda replaced in the 8th
century one erected by the great 7th-century monk Hsüan-tsang but
soon war-damaged.
西安大雁塔是中国最重要的佛教纪念性建筑物之一。现存的大雁塔是公元 8 世纪重建的，原塔由 7
世纪的名僧玄奘所建，但不久便毁于战火。
