如想管理国家公园，可从这里借鉴经验
2016-04-20 09:51阅读：
内容来源：分享美国 地址链接: http://go.usa.gov/czesh
拥有独特温泉地貌的黄石（Yellowstone）地区在1872年成为世界上诞生的第一个国家公园。从那时以来，美国政府对公共土地的管理方式在科学和公众舆论的影响下不断演进。国家公园管理局（National
Park Service officials）负责人帕特里克·格里格森（Patrick Gregerson）和约翰·丹尼斯（John
Dennis）介绍了美国管理公共土地的经验。
找出独特特征。这片地区有哪些不同于其他地点的风景、声音、气味和历史？黄石公园的独特之处是，它坐落于世界最大的
火山口凹地之一，遍布着世界三分之二的间歇喷泉。
评估文化价值。植物生物学家出身的丹尼斯说：“我现在注意到了公园的文化资源，认识到它们同自然资源一样有价值。”黄石公园的自然资源十分宝贵，但它在美国原住民部落中也具有重要的精神价值，并且见证了美国早期移民向西开发的历史。
制定计划。格里格森说，“计划为决策提供可依循的逻辑根据”。一项好计划应该能够回答诸如这样的问题：公园的使命是什么？它的重要意义在哪里？它的根本资源和宝贵之处是什么？
每年有大量游人到黄石公园看狼、棕熊和美洲野牛(Jeremy Weber/Flickr)
众人参与。格里格森说，“所有公民都可对制定计划发挥作用。每当考虑采取有可能影响环境的行动时，公园管理局都向州、地方和部落政府、非政府组织以及民间行业征求意见。管理局将所有讨论纪录公开，并在这一过程中自始至终让公众发表评论。
灵活荟萃。例如，美国林业局（U.S. Forest Service）原计划在太平洋沿岸西北地区（Pacific
Northwest）使用除莠剂来促进松柏生长。但是一些种植者、科学家和居民对除莠剂的毒性感到担忧，他们联合起来，与林业局一道制定出一个不靠除莠剂促进树木生长的方案。这种情况非常典型。格里格森说，公园的大部分计划在实施前都经过修改。
寻找减少影响的措施。当对环境造成损害或给公众的使用带来障碍时，公园会要求采用“缓解影响措施”。如果土地管理局（Bureau
of Land Management）开发矿产，那么公园管理局可以要求土地管理局（两部门均隶属国内资源部[Department of
the Interior ]）通过购置相邻的等量土地——精确到林木数量——来抵消损失。
发展旅游与保护自然。国家公园的使命之一是，管理公园以便让人享用公园。丹尼斯说：“许多人认为保护与享用势不两立，但我现在认识到它们并不冲突——两者都对实现公园的使命绝对必要。
So you want to manage a national park. Read this first.
Singled out for its unique thermal landscape, Yellowstone became
the world’s first national park in 1872. Since then, the U.S.
government’s approach to public land management has evolved,
influenced by science and public opinion. National Park Service
officials Patrick Gregerson and John Dennis offer lessons learned
to others interested in public land management.
Identify unique attributes
What are
the scenes, sounds, smells and stories that
separate this land from other tracts? For Yellowstone, it is the
park’s position on one of the world’s largest
calderas
and its possession of two-thirds of the world’s
geysers.
Consider cultural value
“I’ve really become sensitive to the park’s cultural resources, and
to seeing that they are of equal value to the natural resources,”
said Dennis, who began as a plant biologist. Although valued for
its natural resources, Yellowstone holds spiritual value among
Native American tribes and witnessed storied westward expansion by
early settlers.
Thousands of tourists come annually
to see Yellowstone’s wolves, grizzly bears and bison. (Jeremy
Weber/Flickr)
Make a plan
“Planning provides a logical, trackable rationale for
decisionmaking,” Gregerson said. A good plan answers questions like
these: What is this park’s purpose? What makes it significant? What
are its fundamental resources and values?
Involve everyone
“All citizens have a role in planning,” Gregerson said. The park
service asks for input from state, local and tribal governments,
nonprofit organizations and private industry whenever it is
considering any action that might have an environmental impact. It
records all discussions publicly and allows the public to comment
throughout the process.
Keep an open mind
The U.S. Forest Service, for example, wanted to use a herbicide in
Pacific Northwest forests to encourage conifer growth. Concerned
about toxicity, a coalition of planters, scientists and residents
worked with the agency to develop a nonherbicide plan for tree
growth. That’s typical. Gregerson said agencies tweak most plans
before implementing.
Look for mitigating measures
Agencies request a “mitigating measure” when environmental harm is
done or public access lost. If the Bureau of Land Management
extracts minerals, the park service could ask its sister agency
(both are under the U.S.
Department of the Interior) to
offset the harm done by buying adjacent, equivalent — down to the
number of trees — land.
Seek tourism and preservation
Managing parks
so people can enjoy them is a park service mandate. “Many
people have argued there is conflict between preservation and
enjoyment,” Dennis said. “I’ve come to realize that it’s not a
conflict — both are absolutely necessary to meet the purpose of the
parks.”
