野外求生环境中常见可食用植物
2011-12-31 16:38阅读：
今天介绍的是各种野生可食用植物，就像文中简介的那样。对于野外生存来讲，首先要处理的是避难所和水源的问题，人体对于饥饿的忍受能力超过你的想象。而且这些植物即使不是在求生环境中对人的身体也有很多好处，吃惯大鱼大肉的你平时也可以采集一点来吃。同时在文章的最后，老马我还会教大家一些辨识可食用植物的Tips你也可以按照tips进行尝试，把你找到的可食用植物放到自己的“野菜表”中。
PS：今天介绍的绝大多数植物除仙人掌外在中国本土都有广泛分布哦！
It’s often said that the last thing you need to worry about when in
a survival situation is what you’re going to eat. The human body is
highly resilient, and can go without food for longer than you
think. Shelter and water, on the other hand, are pretty much
non-negotiable in order to survive.
However, it is possible to familiarize yourself with edible wild
plants before you get into a survival situation, in which case
you’ll have a good idea of which wild plants you can eat if
necessary. In addition, once you learn to identify some of these
common edible wild plants, you might be able to add them to your
diet while you’re still in the city.
Dandelions 蒲公英
Probably the easiest plant to identify, and one of the most
widespread, dandelions (pictured at top) are a great introduction
to wild plant foods. The entire dandelion is edible, from the root
to the flower, and can be found quite easily in many areas, even in
early spring or late fall. The dandelion flower can be eaten
straight from the plant, and the taste is sweet and mild. Of the
leaves, the young ones tend to taste the best, as they get a little
bitter as they mature, but older leaves can be briefly boiled to
remove the bitterness. It’s also advised that you boil the root
before eating, and the water used to cook them can be drunk as a
tea afterward.
老马点评：蒲公英广泛分布于全世界各地，而且全株均可使用。在野外求生环境中
绝大多数有白浆的植物都是有刺激性，且不可使用的，唯独蒲公英是个例外。蒲公英的药用价值也很高，中世纪的欧洲人用它来解读，《本草纲目》中也记载它的别称“尿床草”，由此可见它的利尿功效有多么卓著。
Burdock 牛蒡
The burdock plant sure doesn’t look very appetizing (especially
when full of those giant prickly seedheads!), but the whole plant
is edible. The leaves can get bitter, just as older dandelion
leaves do, and may require boiling. The stem can be peeled and
eaten raw, and the root can be boiled and eaten.
老马点评：如果你家有高血压患者，那么你对于牛蒡一点都不陌生。现在牛蒡被称为降血压圣品，全国上下都流行喝牛蒡茶。当然牛蒡全株都可以生吃（当然你想做熟了吃也成），根部可以煮熟后食用。
Cattails 蒲草
In many of the wetter parts of the world, cattails can be a great
edible wild food. The large roots, or rhizomes, as well as the
lower part of the stem, can be eaten either raw or boiled, and the
leaves can be boiled and eaten like any other cooked greens. The
flower spike can also be eaten raw, but usually only in the spring,
when the growth is still tender and young. Once the flower spike is
mature, the pollen can be collected from it and used as a flour or
addition to other wild plant dishes.
老马点评：蒲草！蒲草！打过游戏的朋友对这种植物一点都不陌生！老马在这里跟大家郑重地说，蒲草可是野外求生环境中的圣品！（旁白：刚才说牛蒡就是圣品，这蒲草又说是圣品，老马你的圣品还真多内！）这个……此生品非彼圣品！大家不要着急，我把蒲草的好处一一道来——首先蒲草的分布广泛，蒲草的全株可以食用，如果把蒲草整株从水塘里拔出，你就可以发现白净的硕大的根茎，富含水分+营养；蒲草的叶子可以食用，也可以用来制作避难所或者其他器皿；蒲草的芦棒在春季可以食用，秋季可以当做生活的火引，冬天可以填充在衣物里保暖。最重要的是蒲草的花粉（夏季）有止血的作用。综上所述，你说老马我把它列为野外求生的圣品是不是理由很充分呢？
Plantain 车前草
Plantain is another ubiquitous edible wild plant, found in a wide
variety of climates and locations (including most yards and public
parks), and favoring wetter areas. The leaves are edible both raw
and boiled, and the seeds can be harvested and eaten as well. In
addition, plantain is a great plant to know for treating minor
wounds and insect bites. Simply chew up several leaves and apply to
the wound, repeating as desired.
老马点评：如果你小的时候没用车前草的“大鞭子”（花絮+果实）打过架，那么我们可以把你定义为没有童年的孩子。车前草也是广泛分布，且叶子和种子都可以实用。并且车前草的叶子还可以用来处理小的伤口和蚊虫叮咬，这跟车前草止血+去毒的药用价值是分不开的。
Purslane 马齿苋
The humble purslane gets a bad rap from gardeners (along with
dandelions and plantain), but this low-growing plant is an
excellent edible wild plant and can be found in many wild places.
The leaves, stem, and seeds of purslane are edible either raw or
boiled, and the leaves also have a thickening or mucilaginous
quality which can add to other dishes.
老马点评：看！又一个圣品——马齿苋其实开始起源于印度，但是这种植物的生命力超强，现在已经广泛的分布于全世界，可以生吃也可以煮熟再吃。马齿苋的药用价值也是相当高的，解毒、消炎、利尿、止泻。而且最主要的是它抗病虫害的能力特别强大，生长周期也很短。如果在野外或花园里碰到它，请一定摘一些带回家。
Nettles / Stinging nettle 荨麻
More commonly known as stinging nettle, this is a plant to steer
clear of unless you’re foraging for wild foods. Just one brush of
your bare skin against a nettle plant will elicit a short-term but
intense burning sensation. However, once boiled or steamed, nettles
makes a fantastic green food to add to your survival menu. Just be
sure to wear gloves or otherwise protect yourself while harvesting
it (and if you get “stung,” try rubbing crushed plantain – which
tends to favor the same locations – over the area).
老马点评：开始看到Discovery竟然把荨麻作为也作为野外可食用植物行了，我的确有点晕。因为只要有一些野外生存经验的人都知道：荨麻的叶子有毒（酸性度，一旦中招用肥皂水清洗），如果碰到了就会回身刺痒。不过仔细看过资料后发现，探索频道也明确指出其毒性，并且提示在采集的时候就算不能戴手套也不要沾到皮肤，而且植物要煮熟去毒后才能食用，且不到没得吃不建议入手荨麻。当然，荨麻的韧性很好，可以用来编织绳索等物品。
Lamb's quarters 羊腿藜
Also known as goosefoot, lamb’s quarters grows wild in many places,
and the leaves and young stems can be boiled and eaten like spinach
(it even has a spinach-y taste). Lamb’s quarters is a relative of
quinoa, and its seeds are high in protein, making it another
important survival food.
老马点评：传说羊腿藜这种植物不仅广泛分布，吃法跟菠菜相近而且味道也像菠菜。而且这种植物的种子还跟一种叫做藜麦的作物是远房亲戚，富含蛋白质，是很有营养的野外求生植物。
Prickly pear 仙人掌
Prickly pear doesn’t appear to be a choice edible wild food, but
once the needles are dealt with, both the pads and fruit of this
prolific western cactus can end up as a filling and nutritious
food. The prickly pear is one of the easiest of the cacti to
identify, and because the plants tend to be fairly large, just one
of them can provide many meals in the backcountry. The most
important things to remember are to keep the needles out of your
hands when harvesting them (use a rock or stick to knock pads off),
and to either burn or scrape the needles off before cooking or
eating it. (Tip: burning the needles off is more reliable than
scraping).
老马点评：仙人掌这东西的确不是很常见，特别是在我国分布的很少。（你可以在大马路边上发现马齿苋，但是绝对看不到仙人掌），可是掉到沙漠里就单说了。一看到仙人掌，你可以说算是活过来了，这东西果实和植株都可以用来吃。当然文中给了一个不错的采集仙人掌的方法——用石头把仙人掌砸下来，之后再用火一烤，什么刺都会化成一缕青烟不见了。
Shepherd's purse 荠菜
Also used as a medicinal plant, shepherd’s purse is a great source
for spring and fall greens, and can be found in many of the same
places where dandelion and purslane grow. The younger leaves are
edible raw and have a very mild taste. Older leaves can be boiled
in the same manner as dandelions, to remove bitterness, and the
seed pods are also edible.
老马点评：荠菜遍地都是，有马齿苋和蒲公英的地方就有它的身影。虽然有点淡淡的苦味，那是因为荠菜全草入药可以制造痢疾、肠胃溃疡和感冒。它也是（群众高喊：“求生圣品啊，求生圣品！”）
Curly dock / Dock 皱叶酸模
Sometimes referred to as curly dock, yellow dock, or sour dock,
this relative of buckwheat can be harvested of its young leaves (or
the leaves on the stalk) to be eaten either raw or lightly boiled.
The stalk can be peeled and eaten raw or boiled, and the mature
seeds (this plant produces a lot of seeds) can be ground and used
as flour or to add to soups.
老马点评：又是一种随意生吃煮熟的野菜。药用价值也很高，可以止血、通便、杀虫。传说还是高级的枕头填充物，开春我要多采集一些晒干试试。
These are some of the more common edible wild plants, most of which
can be found in a wide variety of habitats and climates. Always use
caution when trying new wild foods, and be sure that what you’re
harvesting is indeed the right plant and not a lookalike.
老马点评：如果在野外走失，而又没看到以上植物，你应该如何选择食物呢？如何做才可以保证不会像神农一样吃到有毒的植物呢？老马提供以下方法：
1. 观察植株的周围是否有被食草动物啃食过的痕迹，如果有代表应是可食用植物；
2.
接下来把该植株的叶子捏碎，涂抹在胳膊的内侧，胳膊的内侧是肌肤敏感的部位，等一个小时如果没有任何的刺痒或者是过敏反应，进入下一步；
3. 把食物放到舌头上请甜一下，等两个小时，如果没有麻木和特殊的苦味以及杏仁味，进入下一步；
4.
吃掉一片该植物的叶子（果实建议一口），等待六个小时，如果没有任何头晕、头痛、虚汗、腹痛的反应，表示可以食用，放心食用吧！
当然我还是希望大家都不要走失，一切平平安安。当然如果不小心走丢了，记得老马的这篇文字，也许可以帮你走出困境。（英文和图片来自于Discovery，中文属老马原创）
