2015年12月19日四级考试阅读详解（第一套）
2015-12-19 13:52阅读：
2015年12月19日四级考试阅读详解（第一套）
武汉新东方
朱杰骅
整体点评：
2015年12月19日四级考试刚刚落下帷幕，新东方在第一时间给出权威解析。
本次考试阅读部分整体难度较往年持平，但是具体题型难度有特别体现。
选词填空难度不高，考查的核心依旧围绕对词性的把握，对句子结构的认知以及对句子含义的理解三点。
匹配题难度较高，大量出现原文和主旨句的同义替换，且同义替换难度都较高，对于考生来说做题难度较大，容易花费大量时间。
仔细阅读难度不高，甚至比很多年份的仔细阅读更偏简单，只有少数一两道题目稍有难度。
下面给出2015年12月19日四级考试第一套试卷阅读部分的详细解析：
选词填空：
Children do not think the way adults do. For most of the
first yearof life, if something is o
ut of sight, it’s out of mind. if you cover a baby’s__36__toy with
a piece of cloth, the baby thinks the toy has disappeared andstops
looking for it. A 4-year-old man__37__, that a sister has more
fruitjuice when it is only the shapes of the glasses that differ,
not the __38__ ofthe juice.
Yet children are smart in their own way. Like good little
scientists,children are always testing their child-sized __39__
about how things work.When your child throws her spoon on the floor
for the sixth time as you try tofeed her, and you say, “That’s
enough! I will not pick up your spoon again!”the child will__40__
test your claim. Are you serious? Are you angry? What willhappen if
she throws the spoon again? She is not doing this to drive
you__41__;rather, she is learning that her desires and yours can
differ, and thatsometimes those__42__ are important and sometimes
they are not.
How and why does children’s thinking change? In the 1920s,
Swisspsychologist Jean Piaget proposed that children’s cognitive
abilities unfold__43__,like the blooming of a flower, almost
independent of what else is__44__ intheir lives. Although many of
his specific conclusions have been__45__ ormodified over the years,
his ideas inspired thousands of studies byinvestigators all over
the world.
A) advocate B) amount
C) confirmed
D) crazy
E) definite F)
differences
G) favorite
H) happening I) immediately
J) naturally
K) obtaining L) primarily
M) protest
N) rejected O)
theories
新东方权威解析：
36.
G，该题难度不大。空格前后均为名词，由此得知空格应填入一个形容词，用以修饰toy，首先考虑备选单词中的常规形容词，有D“crazy”，E“definite”，G“favorite”，依次代入，根据句意“如果你用一块布把小朋友…的玩具盖住”可知，应填入G“favorite”，意为“最喜爱的”。
37. M，本题难度较高。空格前是主语“a 4-year old
man”，故空格处需要填入动词，候选项有A“advocate”，M“protest”，该题主要难在很多考生不认识M，可用排除法，如填A“支持”明显违背句意，所以选择M，意为“抗议，提出抗议”。
38.
B，该题难度较低。空格前是定冠词“the”，而后面是介词短语“of
the
juice”，由此可断定空格处应填入一名词，由该句探讨主题“得到的果汁多还是少”可知，此空应填入B“amount”，表示果汁的“量”。
39.
O，该题难度不大。由空格前的形容词“child-sized”可知，该空应填入名词，候选项有F“differences”，O“theories”，根据空格后的“about
how things
work”可得知，应填入O“theories”，构成“theoriesabout
how things work ”的结构，意为“关于事物如何运转的理论”。
40.
I，该题难度较高。根据该空所在句句型可知句子结构完整，且在动词“test”前出现空格，符合“副词”的需求特征，候选项有I“immediately”，J“naturally”，L“primarily”，较容易排除的是L项，而I和J取舍难度较大，根据该段首句“小孩向来就会验证他们的理论”的表述，可知I“immediately”更符合语境，意为“小孩立刻就会开始验证你说过的话”。
41.
D，该题难度很低。根据前文的含义，结合空格所在句的搭配，可轻易得知此空应填入“crazy”，构成drive
sb. crazy的固定用法。
42.
F，该题难度不高。根据前文的关键词“differ”可知，此空应填入其名词“differences”。
43.
J，该题难度不高。根据空格所在句句型可知，句子结构完整，动词unfold后有空格，符合“副词”的需求特征，候选项有J“naturally”，L“primarily”，根据句意“小孩的认知能力自然地就体现出来了”可知，该题选J。
44. H，该题难度较大。根据句子结构判断，可知空格前为“what
else
is”，空格中可填入形容词、-ing和-ed，而空格前的“independent
of”意为不依赖于…，本句表达的意思是小孩的认知意识不依赖于他们生活中发生的任何其他事，所以选择H，happening。
45. N，该题难度不高。根据句子结构“…or
modified”可知，该空需要一个和“modified”类似的单词，候选项有C“confirmed”和N“rejected”，根据modified“被改变的”以及句首的“Although”可知，rejected“被否定的”更符合句意，故选N。
匹配
ThePerfect Essay
A)
Looking back on too many yearsof
education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared
about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t. Her
expectations were highimpossibly so. She was an English teacher.
She was also my mother.
B)
When good students turn
in anessay, they dream of their instructor returning it to them in
exactly the samecondition, save for a single word added in the
margin of the final page:”Flawless.” This dream came true for me
one afternoon in the ninth grade. Ofcourse, I had heard that genius
could show itself at an early age, so I wasonly slightly taken
aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of14.
Obviously, I did what any professional writer would do; I hurried
off tospread the good news. I didn’t get very far. The first person
I told was mymother.
C)
My mother, who is just
shy offive feet tall, is normally incredibly soft-spoken, but on
the rare occasionwhen she got angry, she was terrifying. I am not
sure if she was more upset bymy
hubris(得意忘形) or by the fact that my
Englishteacher had let my ego get so out of hand. In any event, my
mother and her redpen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay
could be. At the time, I amsure she thought she was teaching me
about mechanics, transitions(过渡),
structure, style and voice. But what I learned, and what stuckwith
me through my time teaching writing at Harvard, was a deeper lesson
aboutthe nature of creative criticism.
D)
Fist off, it hurts.
Genuinecriticism, the type that leaves a lasting mark on you as a
writer, also leavesan existential
imprint(印记) on you asa person. I have
heard people say that a writer should never take
criticismpersonally. I say that we should never listen to these
people.
E)
Criticism, at its best,
isdeeply personal, and gets to the heart of why we write the way we
do. Theintimate nature of genuine criticism implies something about
who is able togive it, namely, someone who knows you well enough to
show you how your mentallife is getting in the way of good writing.
Conveniently, they are also thepeople who care enough to see you
through this painful realization. For me ittook the form of my
first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I wasnot able
to produce anything for three years.
F)
Franz Kafka once said:”
Writingis utter solitude(独处), the
descentinto the cold abyss(深渊) ofoneself.
“My mother’s criticism had shown me that Kafka is right about the
coldabyss, and when you make the introspective
(内省的) decent that writing requires you
are out always pleased by whatyou find.” But, in the years that
followed, her sustained tutoring suggestedthat Kafka might be wrong
about the solitude. I was lucky enough to find acritic and teacher
who was willing to make the journey of writing with me. “Itis a
thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise
objectionsagainst another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter;
but to produce a betterin its place is a work extremely
troublesome.” I am sure I wrote essays in thelater years of high
school without my mother’s guidance, but I can’t recallthem. What I
remember, however, is how we took up the “extremely
troublesome”work of ongoing criticism.
G)
There are two ways to
interpretPlutarch when he suggests that a critic should be able to
produce “a better inits place.” In a straightforward sense, he
could mean that a critic must bemore talented than the artist she
critiques(评论). My mother was well covered
on this count. But perhaps Plutarch issuggesting something slightly
different, something a bit closer to MarcusCicero’s claim that one
should “criticize by creation, not by finding fault.”Genuine
criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better
onthis own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but
also almostalways meaningful.
H)
My mother said she would helpme
with my writing, but fist I had myself. For each assignment, I was
write thebest essay I could. Real criticism is not meant to find
obvious mistakes, so ifshe found any—the type I could have found on
my own—I had to start fromscratch. From scratch. Once the essay was
“flawless,” she would take an eveningto walk me through my errors.
That was when true criticism, the type thatchanged me as a person,
began.
I)
She
criticized me when Iincluded little-known references and
professional jargon(行话). She had no
patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures ofspeech. “Writers
can’t bluff(虚张声势) theirway through
ignorance.” That was news to me—I would need to find another way
tostructure my daily existence.
J)
She trimmed back
my flowerylanguage, drew lines through my exclamation marks and
argued for the value ofrestraint in expression. “John,” she almost
whispered. I learned in to hearher:”I can’t hear you when you shout
at me.” So I stopped shouting andbluffing, and slowly my writing
improved.
K)
Somewhere along the way I
setaside my hopes of writing that flawless essay. But perhaps I
missed somethingimportant in my mother’s lessons about creativity
and perfection. Perhaps thepoint of writing the flawless essay was
not to give up, but to never willinglyfinish. Whitman repeatedly
reworded “Song of Myself” between 1855 and 1891.Repeatedly. We do
our absolute best wiry a piece of writing, and come as closeas we
can to the ideal. And, for the time being, we settle. In
critique,however, we are forced to depart, to give up the
perfection we thought we hadachieved for the chance of being even a
little bit better. This is the lesson Itook from my mother. If
perfection were possible, it would not be motivating.
46. The author was advised against theimproper use of figures
of speech.
47. The author’s mother taught him avaluable lesson by
pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect
essay.
48. A writer should polish his writingrepeatedly so as to get
closer to perfection.
49. Writers may experience periods of timein their life when
they just can’t produce anything.
50. The author was not much surprised whenhis school teacher
marked his essay as “flawless”.
51. Criticizing someone’s speech is said tobe easier than
coming up with a better one.
52. The author looks upon his mother as hismost demanding and
caring instructor.
53. The criticism the author received fromhis mother changed
him as a person.
54. The author gradually improved hiswriting by avoiding fact
language.
55. Constructive criticism gives an authora good start to
improve his writing.
46. I，根据关键信息“figures of
speech”定位到I段，原文中该词组前面的形容词是“irrelevant”，和句中的“improper”为同义替换关系。
47.
C，根据关键信息“flaws”可定位至C段，同义替换关系句“my
mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawlessessay
could be.”
48.
K，该句意思为“为了达到完美，作家应该反复地修改他的文章”，对应K段中的“Perhaps
the point of writing theflawless essay was not to give up, but to
never willingly finish.”
49.
E，该句大意为“某些时间段里，作家可能会感觉什么都写不出来了”，对应E段中的“I
was not able to produceanything for 3
years.”。
50. B，
该句意为“当老师认为作者的文章没有瑕疵时，他并不惊讶”，对应B段的“so
I was only slightly takenaback that I had achieved perfection at
the tender age of 14.”该句中的“taken
aback”意为“惊讶”。
51.
F，该句意为“对别人的演讲品头论足总比自己做一个更棒的演讲容易”，对应F段的“It
is a thing of no greatdifficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise
objections against another man’sspeech, it is a very easy matter;
but to produce a better in its place is awork extremely
troublesome.”。
52.
A，该句意为“作者视其母为最严格和最细心的老师”，对应A段的“She
cared about me, and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.Her
expectations were high impossibly so. She was an English teacher.
She wasalso my mother.”。
53.
H，该句意为“作者从其母处得到的批评改变了作者的人格”，对应H段的“That
was when true criticism, thetype that changed me as a person,
began.”。
54.
J，该句意为“作者通过避免使用华而不实的语言慢慢地提升自己的作品”，对应J段的“So
I stopped shouting and bluffing,and slowly my writing
improved.”。
55.
G，该局意为“有建设性的评判能让作家在提升作品方面有一个好的开始”，对应G段“Genuine
criticism creates a precious opening for an author to becomebetter
on this own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but
alsoalmost always meaningful.
”。
仔细阅读
第一篇
Could youreproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there
something unique about it?
It wouldn’t besurprising if it were hard to reproduce in
other countries, because youcouldn’t reproduce it in most of the US
either. What does it take to make aSilicon Valley?
It’s the rightpeople. If you could get the right ten thousand
people to move from SiliconValley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become
Silicon Valley.
You only needtwo kinds of people to create a technology
hub （中心）:rich people and nerds
（痴迷科研的人）.
Observationbears this out. Within the US, towns have become
startup hubs if and only ifthey have both rich people and nerds.
Few startups happen in Miami, forexample, because although it’s
full of rich people, it has few nerds. It’s notthe kind of place
nerds like.
WhereasPittsburg has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds,
but no rich people. Thetop US Computer Science departments are said
to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, andCarnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded
Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded SiliconValley. But
what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And whathappened in
Ithaca, home of Cornell University, which is also high on the
list.
I grew up inPittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I
can answer for both. Theweather is terrible, particularly in
winter, and there’s no interesting oldcity to make up for it, as
there is in Boston. Rich people don’t want to livein Pittsburgh or
Ithaca. So while there are plenty of hackers
（电脑迷）who could start startups, there’s no one to
invest in them.
Do you reallyneed the rich people? Wouldn’t it work to have
the government invest the nerds?No, it would not. Startup investors
are a distinct type of rich people. Theytend to have a lot of
experience themselves in the technology business. Thishelps them
pick the right startups, and means they can supply advice
andconnections as well as money. And the fact that they have a
personal stake inthe outcome makes them really pay
attention.
56. What do welearn about Silicon Valley from the
passage?
A) Its success is hard to copy any where else.
B) It is the biggest technology hub in the US.
C) Its fame in high technology is incomparable.
D) It leads the world in information technology.
57. What makesMiami unfit to produce a Silicon
Valley?
A) Lack of incentive for investments.
B) Lack of the right kind of talents.
C) Lack of government support.
D) Lack of famous universities.
58. In that wayis Carnegie-Mellon different from Stanford,
Berkeley and MIT?
A) Its location is not as attractive to rich
people
B) Its science department are not nearly as
good
C) It does not produce computer hackers and
nerds
D) It does not pay much attention to business
startups
59. What doesthe author imply about Boston?
A) It has pleasant weather all year round.
B) It produces wealth as well as high-tech
C) It is not likely to attract lots of investor and
nerds.
D) It is an old city with many sites of historical
interest.
60. What doesthe author say about startup
investors?
A) They are especially wise in making
investments.
B) They have good connections in the government.
C) They can do more than providing money.
D) They are enough to invest in nerds.
新东方权威解析：
56. A
此题难度不大，根据题干中的“Silicon
Valley”可定位第一段，第一段尾句“is there something
unique about it?”直接把答案引向第二段。精读第二段“it
wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in
othercountries”，可知该句与A选项“Its
success is hard to copy anywhere
else.”为同义替换关系，故选A，其他三项均为无中生有。
57. B
此题难度不大，根据题干中“Miami”可定位至原文第五段，该段表明迈阿密只有有钱人，而缺少“痴迷于技术的人”，所以无法成为科技中心，该含义对应B选项，为统一替换关系，选项中的“the
right kind
oftalents”替换了原文的“nerds”。
58. A
此题难度不高，根据题干中的“Carnegie-Mellon”和“Stanford”，“Berkeley”，“MIT”容易定位到原文第六段，第六段段位抛出问题，所以顺势往第七段找答案。第七段中详细描述了卡内基梅隆大学所在的匹兹堡的不同之处：“The
weather is terrible”，“rich people don’t
want to live in Pittsburgh or
Ithaca”，这些信息都指向了A选项，为高度概括关系。
59. D
该题难度较高，根据题干中的“Boston”可定位至原文的第七段。原文提到Boston的句子为“as
there is in
Boston”，as在这里表对比，意为“波士顿却有”，那么前文一定指出了匹兹堡没有某物，所以关键句在于具体是什么，故往前文查找，发现前文提到的是“and
there’s no interesting old city to make up for
it”，意思是匹兹堡不仅天气恶劣，而且也没有有趣的老城区，但是波士顿却与之相反，固选择D，表示“波士顿有着很多历史古迹”。
60. C
本题难度不高，根据核心名词概念“startup
investors”可定位到原文最后一段，原文清晰地表述了，startup
investors不仅能够提供资金帮助，还能提供很多建议，所以C选项“他们不仅能提供资金”是最好的答案，和原文关系为高度概括。
第二篇
It’s nice to have people of like mindaround. Agreeable people
boost your confidence and allow you to relax and feelcomfortable.
Unfortunately, that comfort can hinder the very learning that
canexpand your company and your career.
It’s nice to have people agree, but youneed conflicting
perspectives to dig out the truth. If everyone around you
hassimilar views, your work will suffer from confirmation bias.
(偏颇)
Take a look at your own network. Do youcontacts share your
point of view on most subjects? It yes, it’s time to shakethings
up. As a leader, it can be challenging to create an environment in
whichpeople will freely disagree and argue, but as the saying goes:
Fromconfrontation comes brilliance.
It’s not easy for most people to activelyseek conflict. Many
spend their lives trying to avoid arguments. There’s noneed to go
out and find people you hate, but you need to do
someself-assessment to determine where you have become stale in
your thinking. Youmay need to start by encouraging your current
network to help you identify yourblind spots.
Passionate, energetic debate does notrequire anger and hard
feelings to be effective. But it does require moralstrength. Once
you have worthing opponents, set some ground rules so
everyoneunderstands responsibilities and boundaries. The objective
of this debatinggame is not to win but to get to the truth that
will allow you to move faster,and better.
Fierce debating can hurt feelings,particularly when strong
personalities are involved. Make sure your check inwith your
opponents so that they are not carrying the emotion of the
battlesbeyond the battlefield. Break the tension with smiles and
humor to reinforcethe idea that this is friendly discourse and that
all are working toward acommon goal.
Reword all those involved in the debatesufficiently when the
goals are reached. Let your sparring partners
(拳击陪练) know how much you appreciate their
contribution. The more theyfeel appreciated, the more they’ll be
willing to get into the ring next time.
61.What happens when you have like-mindedpeople around you
all the while?
A)
It will help your companyexpand more
rapidly.
B)
It will be create a harmoniousworking
atmosphere.
C)
It may prevent your businessand career
from advancing.
D)
It may make you fell uncertainabout your
own decision.
62.What does the author suggest leaders do?
A)
Avoid arguments with
businesspartners.
B)
Encourage people to disagreeand
argue.
C)
Build a wide and strongbusiness
network.
D)
Seek advice from their
worthycompetitors.
63.What is the purpose of holding a debate?
A)
To find out the truth about
anissue.
B)
To build up people’s
moralstrength.
C)
To remove
misunderstandings.
D)
To look for worthy
opponents.
64.What advice does the author give topeople engaged in a
fierce debate?
A)
They listen carefully to theiropponents’
views.
B)
They slow due respect for eachother’s
beliefs.
C)
They present their viewsclearly and
explicitly.
D)
They take care not to hurt eachother’s
feelings.
65.How should we treat our rivals after asuccessful
debate?
A)
Try to make peace with
them.
B)
Try to make up the
differences.
C)
Invite them to the ring
nexttime.
D)
Acknowledge their
contribution.
新东方权威解析：
61. C
该题难度不大，根据“like-minded
people”定位到首段，首段指出这类人可以给人信息并令人感到舒服，后面用“unfortunately”表转折，后面的表述“这种舒服会让你意识不到你可以扩大你的公司和事业”，对应C选项，同义替换。
62.
B
本题不难。根据核心名词“leaders”定位到第三段，作者给leader的建议是“虽然建立一个自由言论的环境不容易，但是俗话说灵感从争论中迸发”，意思是领导者需要建立这样能的环境，固选择B项，高度概括。
63. A
本题难度不大。根据关键信息“purpose of holding
adebate”定位到原文倒数第三段，原文“objective”对应“purpose”，后面跟的即为答案：“isnot
to win but to get the truth that will allow you to move faster,
farther,and
better.”，对应A选项。
64. D
该题难度较大。根据关键信息“fierce
debate”定位到原文倒数第二段，原文给出观点“用微笑和幽默表明这是一个友好的讨论，大家的目标都是一样的”，对应D选项，该题强干扰项为B，B选项中的“respect”容易让同学们产生好感从而错选B，而实际上B选项错在“other’s
beliefs”上，原文并没有提到尊重他人的信念和观点，属于无中生有。
65. D
根据题干“rival”对应到最后一段的“sparring
partners”，原文给出“让他们知道对他们的付出你很感激”，对应D选项“肯定他们的付出”，为同义替换关系。
