but 在状语从句和定语从句中的用法
2010-08-20 19:16阅读：
经常遇到一些非常熟悉而又掌握不好其意思的词，并因此影响对整个句子的理解和翻译，下面but的用法就是一例，还有好多其它词的用法也是如此，本人想在有时间的情况下对一些词的用法进行总结，当然也都是从其它书中看到的。
1. not that
...but that 不是因为...而是因为，不是...而是...
〔经常省略主句，只写出从句〕
Not that I dislike the work,
but that I am unequal to it.
不是因为我不喜欢这工作，而是因为我不能胜任。
He met with great success in
the scientific research, not that he was clever, but that he was
diligent. 他在科学研究中取得巨大成就，
不是因为他聪明，而是因为他勤奋。
2. but (that/what)
(=而不，而没有) 〔与so或such连用，位于否定词之后，构成双重否定。译成中文时，主句有时译成让步状语意义的从句，而从句译成主句，意义为“即使/尽管...也”， that/what 有时省略。
The streets were not so crowded
but our car could go through.
街上并不是拥挤得不能通车。
I was not so dull but what I
had my own thoughts. 我并不是笨得没有自己的想法。
There is nothing so difficult
but (that) it may be conquered by perseverance.
事情尽管再难，总可以凭毅力加以克服。
3. but that/what(=if it were
not for the fact that)，意义为“若不是，要不是，如果不是，
如果没有，只是”。引导非真实条件状语从句时，主要表示与过去事实相反，其句型是：
but that
＋subj.
+v-ed +(主句) subj.+would/should/could +have
done
But that I personally saw it, I
could hardly have believed it. 要不是我亲眼见，
我几乎不相信此事。
They would have helped us
willingly but that they happened to be short of hands
too.
他们本来很乐意帮助我们，只是碰巧他们也缺人手。
有时but
that引导的从句与现在事实相反，其句型是：
But that +subj.
+v.(现在时)
+(主句) subj. +would/should+v.
I’d come with you but that I am so
busy. 若不是我忙着，我就和你一起来了。
在这种句型中，that有时可以省略，只用but，或用only that代替but that。
I should have failed but you
aided me. 要是没有你支持我，我就失败了。
I would go only that I am
engaged. 我本想去只是我有事。
4. but (=unless)
除非，若非
Nothing will content him but I
give up my opinion. 除非我放弃我的观点，否则无法使他满意。
There is nothing either good or
bad, but thinking makes it so.
人若无思想，事情也就无好坏之分。
5. but that(= but for the
fact that)引导条件句时有两种用法
（1）意义为“若不是，要不是，如果不是，如果没有”。在这种句型中，but
that引导的从句用陈述语气，主句用虚拟语气。
But that he was prevented, he
would have accomplished his
design.若不是有人阻止，他的阴谋就得逞了。
But the sun shines on the
earth, there would be no tree.
没有阳光照耀大地，就不会有树。
（2）意义为“只是，仅仅，唯有，除非”。
在这种句型中，主从句中的动词可以都用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气，还可以交叉使用。如
：
I ask nothing from you but that
you should come to see me once in a while.
我别无要求，只是你要时常来看我。（主句陈述语气，从句虚拟语气）
Nothing would please her but
that we go along.
只有我们一起去，她才会高兴。（主句虚拟语气，从句陈述语气）
Nothing would do but that I
should come in.除非我承担起来，否则一事无成（主从句都用虚拟语气）
Some psychologists maintain
that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain
alone, but that one’s muscles also participate.
一些心理学家认为思想活动，如思考不仅是胆颤心惊在进行，而且是人的肌肉也参与。（主从句都用陈述语气）
6. not but that (=not but
what)
虽然，尽管〔通常位于主句之后〕
You have made very good
progress, not but that continued efforts are necessary.
你已经取得很大进步，虽然还需要继续努力。
We declined their help, not but
that we knew they offered it sincerely.
我们谢绝了他们的帮助，虽然我们知道他们真心愿意帮助。
not but what (=not but
that)
尽管，但〔这种用法不太规范，通常位于主句之后〕
I can’t do it, not but what a younger man might
be able to do it. 我不会做此事，虽然人或许会做。
7. so ...but (=so ...that
...not) 即使/尽管...也〔but
为从属连词，表示否定意义。在这种句型中，主句也是否定句，从而构成双重否定，表肯定。这种句型翻译时，将主句译成从句，从句译成主句。如果按主从句原义译，可翻译成结果状语从句。
Nothing is so good but there is
room for improvement.事情尽管再好，也总有改进的余地。
8. but
作关系代词，引导限定性定语从句，在从句中只能作主语，而且其主句一定是一个否定结构。but的意义接近that/who ...not。but-从句与主句一起构成双重否定句。如：
There is no old habit but may
be cured by a strong will
power.只要有坚强意志，任何旧习都可以改好。
With the introduction of the
electronic computer, there is no complicated problem but can be
solved quickly. 随着计算机的引入，任何复杂的计算都可以迅速解决。
