的15个备选单词中选出10个填入文章相应处，使文章意思通顺，表达正确。这部分主要考察考生对词汇的认知和语法的理解。另外，快速阅读要求在15分钟内完成一篇1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题，前7个是判断正误，后3个是填空题
(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)，由此不难看出，“快速+准确”
是今后四级阅读部分考察的重点。在备考过程中，考生务必要有意识的训练自己Skimming &
Scanning的能力。
PART Ⅰ 快速阅读 (Speed Reading)
(Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go
over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer
Sheet 1.
For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES)
if the statement agrees with the information given in the
passage;
N (for NO)
if the statement contradicts the information given
in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN)
if the information is not given in the
passage.
For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information
given in the passage.
2006年6月24日真题
Highways
Early in the 20
th century, most of the streets and roads
in the U.S. were made of dirt, brick, and cedar wood blocks. Built
for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly
cared for and too narrow to
accommodate (容纳)
automobiles.
With the increase in auto production, private
turnpike
(收费公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by
1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using
specifications of 19
th century Scottish engineers Thomas
Telford and John MacAdam (for whom the macadam surface is named),
whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage.
Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight
restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads
throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of
trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919,
after serving in the U.S. Army’s first transcontinental motor
convoy (车队), he noted :“The old convoy had started me
thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or
motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the
land.”
It would take another war before the federal government would act
on a national highway system. During World War II, a tremendous
increase in trucks and new roads were required. The war
demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort.
Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by
truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their
products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of
highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards. Even
federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some
states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted
anything over 7,000 pounds. A government study recommended a
national highway system of 33,920 miles, and Congress soon passed
the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict,
centrally controlled design criteria.
The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has
been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the
century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridge, and
tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had
to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the
country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, desserts, and
plains. Variables included the slope of the land, the ability of
the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and
the nature of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another
problem. Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges,
overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban
areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever
altering the face of America.
Long-span, segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale
Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida, and
remarkable tunnels like Fort McHenry in Maryland and Mt, Baker in
Washington, met many of the nation’s physical challenges. Traffic
control systems and methods of construction developed under the
interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the
world, and were invaluable in improving the condition of urban
streets and traffic patterns.
Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S. and
the U.S. with Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the
highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians or
barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe
turns, and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that
of all other U.S. roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger
miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other
roads).
By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled
consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural
areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provide
people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural
programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all, the
interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most:
personal freedom of mobility.
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation’s
economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75
percent of the nation’s freight deliveries arrive by truck; and
most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the
last leg of the journey by vehicle Not only has the highway system
affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has
led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations,
motels, restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed the
relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban
areas to rural.
By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved
roads, residential streets, expressways, and freeways built to
support millions of vehicles. The highway system was officially
renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year
construction began he said: “Together, the united forces of our
communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in
the very name we bear-United States. Without them, we would be a
mere alliance of many separate parts.”
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2. General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made
more sense than the two-lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took
action to build a national highway system.
4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical
features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate
highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provides access between major
military installations in America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the
development of the interstate highway system.
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was
.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than
.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in
recognition of
.
2006年12月23日
Six Secrets of High-Energy People
There’s an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with
fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over
what the day holds. “I just can’t get started,” people say. But
it’s not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all
use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are
healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee
that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your
body.
What you’re seeking is not physical energy. It’s emotional energy.
Yet, sad to say, Life sometimes seems designed to exhaust our
supply. We have family obligations. We encounter emergencies and
personal crises. No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional
fatigues, a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit.
And yet we all know people who are filled with joy, despite the
unpleasant circumstances of their lives. Even as a child. I
observed people who were poor, or disabled, or ill, but who
nonetheless faced life with optimism and vigor. Consider Laura
Hillenbrand, who, despite an extremely weak body, wrote the
best-seller
Seabiscuit. Hillenbrand barely had enough
physical energy to drag herself out of bed to write. But she was
fueled by having a story she wanted to share. It was emotional
energy that helped her succeed.
Unlike physical energy, which is finite and diminishes with age,
emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with genes or
upbringing. So how do you get it? You can’t simply tell yourself to
be positive. You must take action. Here are six practical
strategies that work.
1. Do something new.
Very little that’s new occurs in our lives. The impact of this
sameness on our emotional energy is gradual, but huge. It’s like a
tire with a slow leak. You don’t notice it at first, but eventually
you’ll get a flat. It’s up to you to plug the leak — even though
there are always a dozen reasons to stay stuck in your dull
routines of life. That’s where Maura, 36, a waitress, found herself
a year ago.
Fortunately, Maura
had a lifeline — a group of women friends who meet regularly to
discuss their lives. Their lively discussions spurred Maura to make
small but nevertheless life-altering changes. She joined a gym in
the next town. She changed her look with a short haircut and new
black T-shirts. Eventually, Maura gathered the courage to quit her
job and start her own business.
Here’s a challenge: If it’s something you wouldn’t ordinarily do,
do it. Try a dish you’ve never eaten. Listen to music you’d
ordinarily tune out. You’ll discover these small things add to your
emotional energy.
2. Reclaim life’s meaning.
So many of my patients tell me that their lives used to have
meaning, but that somewhere along the line things went stale.
The first step in solving this meaning shortage is to figure out
what you really care about, and then do something about it. A case
in point is Ivy, 57, a pioneer in investment banking. “I mistakenly
believed that all the money I made would mean something.” She says.
“But I feel lost, like a 22-year-old wondering what to do with her
life.” Ivy’s solution? She started a program that shows Wall
Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the
process, Ivy filled her life with meaning.
3. Put yourself in the fun zone.
Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived. High-energy people
have the same day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to
find something enjoyable in every situation. A real-estate broker I
know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the
houses she shows to clients. “I love imagining what even the most
run-down house could look like with a little tender loving care,”
she says. “It’s a challenge — and the least desirable properties
are usually the most fun.”
We all define fun differently, of course, but I can guarantee this:
If you put just a bit of it into your day, your energy will
increase quickly.
4. Bid farewell to guilt and regret.
Everyone’s past is filled with regrets that still cause pain. But
from an emotional energy point of view, they are dead weights that
keep us from moving forward. While they can’t merely be willed
away, I do recommend you remind yourself that whatever happened is
in the past, and nothing can change that. Holding on to the memory
only allows the damage to continue into the present.
5. Make up your mind.
Say you’ve been thinking about cutting your hair short. Will it
look stylish-or too extreme? You endlessly think it over. Having
the decision hanging ever your head is a huge energy drain. Every
time you can’t decide, you burden yourself with alternatives. Quit
thinking that you have to make the right decision; instead, make a
choice and don’t look back.
6. Give to get.
Emotional energy has a kind of magical quality. The more you give,
the more you get back. This is the difference between emotional and
physical energy. With the letter, you have to get it to be able to
give it. With the former, however, you get it by giving it.
Start by asking everyone you meet, “How are you?” as if you really
want to know, then listen to the reply. Be the one who hears. Most
of us also need to smile more often. If you don’t smile at the
person you love first thing in the morning, you’re sucking energy
out of your relationship. Finally, help another person—and make the
help real, concrete. Give a
massage (按摩) to someone you
love, or cook her dinner. Then, expand the circle to work. Try
asking yourself what you’d do if your goal were to be helpful
rather than efficient.
After all, if it’s true that what goes around comes around, why not
make sure that what’s circulating around you is the good
stuff?
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1. The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a
shortage of fossil fuels.
2. People these days tend to lack physical energy.
3. Laura Hillenbrand is an example cited to show how emotional
energy can contribute to one’s success in life.
4. The author believes emotional energy is inherited and
genetically determined.
5. Even small changes people make in their lives can help increase
their emotional energy.
6. Ivy filled her life with meaning by launching a program to help
poor children.
7. The real-estate broker the author knows is talented in home
redecoration.
8. People holding on to sad memories of the past will find it
difficult to ___________.
9. When it comes to decision-making, one should make a quick choice
without _______.
10. Emotional energy is in a way different from physical energy in
that the more you give, _______.
2007年6月23日
Protect
Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online
Identity theft and identity fraud are terms
used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully
obtains and uses another
person’s personal data in some way
that involves fraud or deception,
typically for economic
gain.
The numbers associated with identity theft are beginning to add up
fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report
estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity
theft
every year. And that number may be low, as many people
choose not to
report the crime even if they know they have
been victimized.
Identity theft is “an absolute epidemic,” states Robert Ellis
Smith,
a respected author and advocate of privacy. “It’s
certainly picked
up in the last four or five years. It’s
worldwide. It affects
everybody, and there’s very little you
can do to prevent it and,
worst of all, you can’t detect it
until it’s probably too late.”
Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be
given to someone else for their use, your personal data, especially
your social security number, your bank account or credit card
number, your telephone calling card number, and other valuable
identifying data, can be used, if they fall into the wrong
hands, to
personally profit at your expense. In the United
States and Canada,
for example, many people have reported
that unauthorized persons
have taken funds out of their bank
or financial accounts, or, in the
worst cases, taken over
their identities altogether, running up vast
debts and
committing crimes while using the victims’ names. In many
cases, a victim’s losses may include not only out-of-pocket
financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs
associated with trying to restore his reputation in the
community
and correcting erroneous information for which the
criminal is
responsible.
According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud
committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves
while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key
to a successful online job search is learning to manage the risks.
Here
are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job
search on the
Internet.
1. Check for a privacy policy.
If you are considering posting your resume online, make sure the
job
search site you are considering has a privacy policy,
like
CareerBuilder.com The policy should spell out how your
information
will be used, stored and whether or not it will
be shared. You may want to think twice about posting your resume on
a site that
automatically shares your information with
others. You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from
solicitors (推销员).
When reviewing the site’s privacy policy, you’ll be able to delete
your resume just as easily as you posted it. You won’t
necessarily
want your resume to remain out there on the
Internet once you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume
remains posted on a job board,
the more exposure, both
positive and not-so-positive, it will receive.
2. Take advantage of site features.
Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before
posting your resume, carefully consider your job search
objectives
and the level of risk you are willing to assume.
CareerBuilder.com, for example, offers three levels of privacy from
which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting.
This
option gives job seekers who post their resumes the
most visibility
to the broadest employer audience possible.
The second is
anonymous (匿名的) posting. This allows job
seekers the
same visibility as those in the standard posting
category without
any of their contact information being
displayed. Job seekers who
wish to remain anonymous but want
to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact
information to display.
The third is private posting. This option allows a job seeker to
post a resume without having it searched by employers.
Private
posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily
apply for jobs that
appear on CareerBuilder.com without
retyping their information.
3. Safeguard your identity.
Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe
while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal
their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a
generic (泛指的)
identifier, such as “Intranet Developer
Candidate,” or “Experienced Marketing Representative.”
You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your
current employer. Depending on your title, it may not be all
that
difficult to determine who you are once the name of
your company is
provided. Use a general description of the
company such as “Major
auto manufacturer,” or “International
packaged goods supplier.’
If your job title is unique, consider using the generic equivalent
instead of the exact title assigned by your employer.
4. Establish an email address for your search.
Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online
is to open up an email account specifically for your online
job
search. This will safeguard your existing email box in
the event
someone you don’t know gets hold of your email
address and shares it with others.
Using an email address specifically for your job search also
eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome
emails in
your primary mailbox. When naming your new email
address, be sure
that it doesn’t contain references to your
name or other information
that will give away your identity.
The best solution is an email
address that is relevant to
the job you are seeking such as
salesmgr2004@provider.com.
5. Protect your references.
If your resume contains a section with the names and contact
information of your references, take it out. There’s no
sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private
contact
information of your references.
6. Keep confidential (机密的) information
confidential.
Do not, under any circumstances, share your social security,
driver’s license, and bank account numbers or other personal
information, such as race or eye color. Honest employers do
not need
this information with an initial application. Don’t
provide this
even if they say they need it in order to
conduct a background
check. This is one of the oldest tricks
in the book – don’t fall for
it.
1. Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to
detect
and one can hardly do anything to prevent it.
2. In many cases, identity theft not only causes the victims’
immediate financial losses but costs them a lot to restore their
reputation.
3. Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat
overestimated.
4. It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is
necessary.
5. Of the three options offered by CareerBuilder.com in Suggestion
2, the third one is apparently most strongly recommended.
6. Employers require applicants to submit very personal information
on background checks.
7. Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and
their current employers when seeking employment
online.
8. Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent
you from receiving________.
9. To protect your references, you should not post online
their________.
10. According to the passage, identity theft is committed typically
for________.
2007年12月22日
Universities Branch Out
As never before in their long history,
universities have become instruments of national competition as
well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific
discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of
educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive
advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to
the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has
made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual
understanding and geopolitical stability.
In response to the same forces that have
driven the world economy, universities have become more
self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who
represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their
own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering
courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected
world and
collaborative (合作的) research programs to advance
science for the benefit of all humanity.
Of the forces shaping higher education none
is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past
three decades the number of students leaving home each year to
study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from
800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one
developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to
developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from
developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today
foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in
the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom.
And the number crossing boarders for undergraduate study is growing
as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best
institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In
the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in
science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly
hired faculty members at the top research universities received
their graduate education abroad.
Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their
undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than
140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year,
taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating
institutions across the continent. And in the United States,
institutions are helping place students in summer
internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers.
Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at
least one international study or internship opportunity — and
providing the financial resources to make it possible.
Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new
trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another
country. Yale professor and Harvard Hughes Medical Institute
investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the
genetics of human disease at Shanghai’ Fudan University in
collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The
Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a
4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors
and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference
seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement
benefits both countries; Xu’s Yale lab is more productive, thanks
to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese
graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training
from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.
As a result of its strength in science, the United States has
consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new
technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated
circuit of the 1960s to the Internet
infrastructure (基础设施)
and applications software of the 1990s. The link between
university-based science and industrial application is often
indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was
intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside
Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard.
Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this
model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where
Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology
companies have set up shop around the university.
For all its success, the United States
remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university
model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in
science and national economic strength, but support for research
funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of
Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly
than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and
engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same
period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the
nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in
science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on
the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.
American politicians have great difficulty
recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly
promote the national interest by increasing international
understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for
international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below
the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in
the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign
students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a
corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the
U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led
to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but
the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to
international students.
Most Americans recognize that universities
contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific
research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American
competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home.
They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United
States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of
them stay in the States and — like immigrants throughout history —
strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in
the United States become ambassadors for many of its most
cherished (珍视的) values when they return home. Or at least
they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few
instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace
and stability as welcoming international university students.
1.
From the first paragraph we know that
present-day universities have become ___________.
[A] more and more
research-oriented
[B] in-service
training organizations
[C] more
popularized than ever before
[D] a powerful
force for global integration
2.
Over the past three decades, the enrollment of
overseas students has increased ___________.
[A] by 2.5 million
[B] by 800,000
[C] at an annual rate of 3.9
percent
[D] at an annual rate of 8 percent
3.
In the United States, how many of the newly
hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born?
[A] 10%
[B] 20%
[C]30%
[D] 38%
4.
How do Yale and Harvard prepare their
undergraduates for global careers?
[A] They organize a series of seminars on
the world economy.
[B] They offer them
various courses in international politics.
[C] They arrange
for them to participate in the Erasmus program.
[D] They give them chances for
international study or internship.
5.
An example illustrating the general
trend of universities’ globalization is ___________.
[A]Yale’s collaboration with Fudan
University on genetic research
[B] Yale’s helping
Chinese universities to launch research projects
[C] Yale’s student
exchange program with European institutions
[D] Yale’s establishing branch campuses
throughout the world
6.
What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the
passage?
[A] It houses many companies spun off
from MIT and Harvard.
[B] It is known to
be the birthplace of Microsoft Company.
[C] It was
intentionally created by Stanford University.
[D] It is where the Internet
infrastructure was built up.
7.
What is said about the U.S. federal funding for
research?
[A] It has
increased by 3 percent.
[B] It has
been unsteady for years.
[C] It has been
more than sufficient.
[D] It doubled between 1998
and 2003.
8.
The dramatic decline in the enrollment of
foreign students in the U.S. after September 11 was caused by
__________________.
9.
Many Americans fear that American
competitiveness may be threatened by foreign students who will
__________________.
10. The policy of welcoming foreign students can benefit the U.S.
in that the very best of them will stay and
__________________.
2008年6月21日
Media Selection for Advertisements
After determining the target audience for a product or service,
advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the
advertisement. We discuss here the major types of media used in
advertising. We focus our attention on seven types of advertising:
television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet and
direct mail.
Television
Television is an attractive medium for advertising because it
delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that
nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who
Wants to Be a Millionaire? you can understand the power of
television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers
create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with
the brand and its image. Television provides an ideal vehicle for
this type of communication. But television is an expensive medium,
and not all advertisers can afford to use it.
Television’s influence on advertising is fourfold. First,
narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an
increasingly narrow segment of the audience. The Golf Channel, for
instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden
Television is seen by those interested in household improvement
projects. Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous(具有共同特点的)
than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in
the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus,
advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer
number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third,
digital recording devices allow audience members more control over
which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is
being passed from the networks to local cable operators and
satellite programmers.
Newspaper
After television, the medium attracting the next largest
annual ad revenue is newspapers. The New York Times, which reaches
a national audience, accounts for $1 billion in ad revenue
annually, ii m increased its national circulation (发行量) by 40% and
is now available for home delivery in 168 cities. Locally,
newspapers are the largest advertising medium.
Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television
and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more
detailed message to their audience than they can through 48 hours,
meaning newspapers are also a quick way of getting the massage out.
Newspapers are often the most important form of news for a local
community, and they develop a high degree of loyalty from local
reader.
Radio
Advertising on radio continues to grow. Radio is often used in
conjunction with outdoor bill-boards (广告牌) and the Internet to
reach even more customers than television. Advertisers are likely
to use radio because it is a less expensive medium than television,
which means advertisers can afford to repeal their ads often.
Internet companies are also turning 10 radio advertising. Radio
provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members
at all times of the day. Consumers listen to radio on their way to
school or work, at work, on the way home, and in the evening
hours.
Two major changes—satellite and Internet radio—will force radio
advertisers to adapt their methods. Both of these radio forms allow
listeners to tune in stations that are more distant than the local
stations they could receive in the past. As a result, radio will
increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.
Magazines
Newsweeklies, women’s titles, and business magazines have all seen
increases in advertising because they attract the high-end market.
Magazines are popular with advertisers because of the narrow market
that they deliver. A broadcast medium such as network television
attracts all types of audience members, but magazine audiences are
more homogeneous, if you read sports illustrated, for example, you
have much in common with the magazine’s other readers. Advertisers
see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience
members.
Advertiser using the print media-magazines and newspapers-will need
to adapt to two main changes. First, the internet will bring larger
audiences to local newspapers, these second. Advertisers will have
to understand how to use an increasing number of magazines for
their target audiences. Although some magazines will maintain
national audiences, a large number of magazines will entertain
narrower audiences.
Out-of-home advertising
Out-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has
become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are
more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at
home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus
shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these
on-the-go consumers. More consumers travel longer distances to and
from work, which also makes out-of-home advertising effective,
technology has changed the nature of the billboard business, making
it a more effective medium than in the past.
Using digital printing, billboard companies can print a billboard
in 2 hours, compared with 6 days previously. This allows
advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create
because they can change their messages more quickly.
Internet
As consumers become more comfortable with online shopping,
advertisers will seek to reach this market. As consumers get more
of their news and information from the Internet, the ability of
television and radio to get the word out to consumers will
decrease. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads
that audience members remember.
Internet advertising will play a more prominent role in
organizations’ advertising in the near future. Internet audiences
tend to be quite homogeneous, but small. Advertisers will have to
adjust their methods to reach these audiences and will have to
adapt their persuasive strategies to the online medium as
well.
Direct mail
A final advertising medium is direct mail, which uses mailings to
consumers to communicate a client’s message. Direct mail includes
newsletters, postcards and special promotions. Direct mail is an
effective way to build relationships with consumers. For many
businesses, direct mail is the most effective from of
advertising.
1. Television is an attractive advertising medium in
that_____________.
A) it has large audiences
B) it appeals to housewives
C) it helps build up a company’s reputation
D) it is affordable to most advertisers
2. With the increase in the number of TV channels_________.
A) the cost of TV advertising has decreased
B) the number of TV viewers has increased
C) advertisers’ interest in other media has decreased
D) the number of TV ads people can see has increased
3.Compared with television, newspapers as an advertising
medium_________________.
A) earn a larger annual ad revenue
B) convey more detailed messages
C) use more production techniques
D) get messages out more effectively
4.Advertising on radio continues to grow because ___________.
A) more local radio stations have been set up
B) modern technology makes it more entertaining
C) it provides easy access to consumers
D) it has been revolutionized by Internet radio.
5.Magazines are seen by advertisers as an efficient way
to___________.
A) reach target audiences
B) modern technology makes it more entertaining
C) appeal to educated people.
D) convey all kinds of messages
6.Out-of-home advertising has become more effective
because_______
A) billboards can be replaced within two hours
B) consumers travel more now than ever before
C) such ads have been made much more attractive
D) the pace of urban life is much faster nowadays
7. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that
are___________.
A) quick to update
B) pleasant to
look at
C) easy to remember
D) convenient to access
8. Internet advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach
audiences that tend to be_______.
9. Direct mail is an effective form of advertising for businesses
to develop___________________.
10. This passage discusses how advertisers select
________________for advertisements.
2008年12月20日
That’s enough, kids
It was a lovely day at the park and Stella Bianchi was enjoying the
sunshine with her two children when a young boy, aged about four,
approached her two-year-old son and pushed him to the ground.
“I’d watched him for a little while and my son was the fourth or
fifth child he’d shoved,” she says.” I went over to them, picked up
my son, turned to the boy and said, firmly, ’No, we don’t push,”
What happened next was unexpected.
“The boy’s mother ran toward me from across the park,” Stella
says,” I thought she was coming over to apologize, but instead she
started shouting at me for disciplining her child, All I did was
let him know his behavior was unacceptable. Was I supposed to sit
back while her kid did whatever he wanted, hurting other children
in the process?”
Getting your own children to play nice is difficult enough. Dealing
with other people’s children has become a minefield.
In my house, jumping on the sofa is not allowed. In my sister’s
house it’s encouraged. For her, it’s about kids being kids:”If you
can’t do it at three, when can you do it?”
Each of these philosophies is valid and, it has to be said, my son
loves visiting his aunt’s house. But I find myself saying “no” a
lot when her kids are over at mine. That’s OK between sisters but
becomes dangerous territory when you’re talking to the children of
friends or acquaintances.
“Kids aren’t all raised the same,” agrees Professor Naomi White of
Monash University.” But there is still an idea that they’re the
property of the parent. We see our children as an extension of
ourselves, so if you’re saying that my child is behaving
inappropriately, then that’s somehow a criticism of me.”
In those circumstances, it’s difficult to know whether to approach
the child directly or the parent first. There are two schools of
thought.
“I’d go to the child first,” says Andrew Fuller, author of Tricky
Kids. Usually a quiet reminder that ’we don’t do that here’ is
enough. Kids nave finely tuned antennae (直觉) for how to behave in
different settings.”
He points out bringing it up with the parent first may make them
feel neglectful, which could cause problems. Of course, approaching
the child first can bring its own headaches, too.
This is why White recommends that you approach the parents first.
Raise your concerns with the parents if they’re there and ask them
to deal with it,” she says.
Asked how to approach a parent in this situation, psychologist
Meredith Fuller answers:” Explain your needs as well as stressing
the importance of the friendship. Preface your remarks with
something like: ’I know you’ll think I’m silly but in my house I
don’t want…’”
When it comes to situations where you’re caring for another child,
white is straightforward: “common sense must prevail. If things
don’t go well, then have a chat.”
There’re a couple of new grey areas. Physical punishment, once
accepted from any adult, is no longer appropriate. “A new set of
considerations has come to the fore as part of the debate about how
we handle children.”
For Andrew Fuller, the child-centric nature of our society has
affected everyone:” The rules are different now from when today’s
parents were growing up,” he says, “Adults are scared of saying:
’don’t swear’, or asking a child to stand up on a bus. They’re
worried that there will be conflict if they point these things out
– either from older children, or their parents.”
He sees it as a loss of the sense of common public good and public
courtesy (礼貌), and says that adults suffer form it as much as
child.
Meredith Fuller agrees: “A code of conduct is hard to create when
you’re living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from
overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are
perceived to finish last.”
“it’s about what I’m doing and what I need,” Andrew Fuller says.
”the days when a kid came home from school and said, “I got into
trouble”. And dad said, ‘you probably deserved it’. Are over. Now
the parents are charging up to the school to have a go at
teachers.”
This jumping to our children’s defense is part of what fuels the
“walking on eggshells” feeling that surrounds our dealings with
other people’s children. You know that if you remonstrate(劝诫) with
the child, you’re going to have to deal with the parent. it’s
admirable to be protective of our kids, but is it good?
“Children have to learn to negotiate the world on their own, within
reasonable boundaries,” White says. “I suspect that it’s only
certain sectors of the population doing the running to the school
–better –educated parents are probably more likely to be too
involved.”
White believes our notions of a more child-centred, it’s a way of
talking about treating our children like commodities(商品). We’re
centred on them but in ways that reflect positively on us. We treat
them as objects whose appearance and achievements are something we
can be proud of, rather than serve the best interests of the
children.”
One way over-worked, under-resourced parents show commitment to
their children is to leap to their defence. Back at the park,
Bianchi’s intervention(干预) on her son’s behalf ended in an
undignified exchange of insulting words with the other boy’s
mother.
As Bianchi approached the park bench where she’d been sitting,
other mums came up to her and congratulated her on taking a stand.
“Apparently the boy had a longstanding reputation for bad behaviour
and his mum for even worse behaviour if he was challenged.”
Andrew Fuller doesn’t believe that we should be afraid of dealing
with other people’s kids. “look at kids that aren’t your own as a
potential minefield,” he says. He recommends that we don’t stay
silent over inappropriate behaviour, particularly with regular
visitors.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1. What did Stella Bianchi expect the young boy’s mother to do when
she talked to him?
A) make an apology
B) come over to intervene
C) discipline her own boy
D) take her own boy
away
2. What does the author say about dealing with other people’s
children?
A) it’s important not to hurt them in any way
B) it’s no use trying to stop their wrongdoing
C) it’s advisable to treat them as one’s own kids
D) it’s possible for one to get into lots of trouble
3. According to professor Naomi white of Monash university, when
one’s kids are criticized, their parents will probably feel
A) discouraged
B) hurt
C)
puzzled
D) overwhelmed
4. What should one do when seeing other people’s kids misbehave
according to Andrew fuller?
A) talk to them directly in a mild way
B) complain to their
parents politely
C) simply leave them alone
D) punish them lightly
5. Due to the child-centric nature of our society,
A) parents are worried when their kids swear at them
B) people think it improper to criticize kids in public
C) people are reluctant to point our kids’ wrongdoings
D) many conflicts arise between parents and their kids
6. In a world where everyone is exhausted from over work and lack
of sleep,
.
A) it’s easy for people to become impatient
B) it’s difficult to create
a code of conduct
C) it’s important to be friendly to everybody
D) it’s hard for people to
admire each other
7. How did people use to respond when their kids got into trouble
at school?
A) they’d question the teachers
B) they’d charge up to the
school
C) they’d tell the kids to clam down
D) They’d
put the blame on their kids
8. Professor white believes that the notions of a more
child-centred society should be_________.
9. According to professor white, today’s parents treat their
children as something they ________.
10. Andrew fuller suggests that , when kids behave inappropriately,
people should not ________.
2009年6月20日
How Do You See Diversity?
As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing
applicants for some of the positions with her company .During one
interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye
contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she
liked the individual otherwise.
He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her
questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said
“untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second
choice.
“It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I
realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,” Tiffany
confesses. What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was
that the candidate’s “different” behavior was simply a cultural
misunderstanding . He was an Asian-American raised in a household
where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your
eyes.
“I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not
realizing it was cultural,” Tiffany says. “I missed out ,but will
not miss that opportunity again.”
Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we
perceive as different. As the world becomes smaller and our
workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our
under-standing of others and to reexamine some of our false
assumptions .
Hire Advantage
At a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more
difficult ,employers who can eliminate invalid biases(偏爱) from the
process have a distinct advantage .My company, Mindsets LLC ,helps
organizations and individuals see their own blind spots . A real
estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference
such training can make .
“During my Mindsets coaching session ,I was taught how to
recruit a diversified workforce. I recruited people from different
cultures and skill sets .The agents were able to utilize their full
potential and experiences to build up the company .When the real
estate market began to change, it was because we had a diverse
agent pool that we were able to stay in the real estate market much
longer than others in the same profession.”
Blinded by Gender
Dale is an account executive who attended one of my workshops on
supervising a diverse workforce . “Through one of the sessions ,I
discovered my personal bias ,” he recalls . “I learned I had not
been looking at a person as a whole person , and being open to
differences .” In his case , the blindness was not about culture
but rather gender .
“I had a management position open in my department ;and the two
finalists were a man and a woman . Had I not attended this workshop
, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate
because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel . My
reasoning would have been that even though both candidates were
great and could have been successful in the position , I assumed
the woman would have wanted to be home with her children and not
travel .”Dale’s assumptions are another example of the
well-intentioned but incorrect thinking that limits an
organization’s ability to tap into the full potential of a diverse
workforce .
“I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases
into the situation , I needed to present the full range of duties,
responsibilities and expectations to all candidates and allow them
to make an informed decision .” Dale credits the workshop ,
“because it helped me make decisions based on fairness .”
Year of the Know-It-All
Doug is another supervisor who attended one of my workshops .He
recalls a major lesson learned from his own employee.
“One of my most embarrassing moments was when I had a
Chinese-American employee put in a request to take time off to
celebrate Chinese New Year . In my ignorance , I assumed he had his
dates wrong , as the first of January had just passed . When I
advised him of this , I gave him a long talking-to about turning in
requests early with the proper dates .
“He patiently waited , then when I was done , he said he would like
Chinese New Year did not begin January first , and that Chinese New
Year ,which is tied to the lunar cycle ,is one of the most
celebrated holidays on the Chinese calendar . Needless to say , I
felt very embarrassed in assuming he had his dates mixed up . But I
learned a great deal about assumptions , and that the timing of
holidays varies considerably from culture to culture .
“Attending the diversity workshop helped me realize how much I
could learn by simply asking questions and creating dialogues with
my employees , rather than making assumptions and trying to be a
know-it-all ,” Doug admits . “The biggest thing I took away from
the workshop is learning how to be more ‘inclusive’ to
differences.”
A better Bottom Line
An open mind about diversity not only improves
organizations internally , it is profitable as well . These
comments from a customer service representative show how an
inclusive attitude can improve sales .”Most of my customers speak
English as a second language . One of the best things my company
has done is to contract with a language service that offers
translations over the phone . It wasn’t until my boss received
Mindsets’ training that she was able to understand how important
inclusiveness was to customer service . As result , our customer
base has increased .”
Once we start to see people as individuals . and
discard the stereotypes , we can move positively toward
inclusiveness for everyone . Diversity is about coming together and
taking advantage of our differences and similarities . It is about
building better communities and organizations that enhance us as
individuals and reinforce our shared humanity .
When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we
think we have learned from our past , from the media, peers ,
family , friends , etc , we begin to realize that some of our
conclusions are
flawed(有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental
values . We need to train our-selves to think differently , shift
our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us
,creating opportunities in organizations and communities that
benefit everyone .
1.
What bothered Tiffany
during an interview with her candidate?
A)
He just wouldn’t look her in the
eye.
B)
He was slow in answering her
questions.
C)
His answers to some of her questions
were irrelevant.
D)
His answers to some of her questions
were irrelevant .
2. Tiffany’s misjudgment about the candidate stemmed from
.
A) Racial
stereotypes.
C) Racial stereotypes.
B) Invalid
personal bias
.
D)
Emphasis on physical appearance
3. What is becoming essential in the course
of economic globalization according to the author?
A) Hiring
qualified technical and management personnel.
B)
Increasing understanding of people of other cultures.
C) Constantly updating knowledge and equipment.
D)
Expanding domestic and international markets.
4. What kind of organization is
Mindsets LLC?
A) A real
estate agency.
C) A cultural exchange organization.
B) A
personnel training company.
D) A hi-tech company
5. After one of the workshops
,account executive Dale realized that
.
A) He had
hired the wrong person.
B) He could
have done more for his company.
C) He had
not managed his workforce well.
D) He must
get rid of his gender bias.
6. What did Dale think of Mindsets
LLC’s workshop?
A) It was
well-intentioned but poorly conducted.
B) It
tapped into the executives’ full potential.
C) It
helped him make fair decisions.
D) It met
participants’ diverse needs.
7. How did Doug, a supervisor,
respond to a Chinese-American employee’s request for leave?
A)
He told him to get the dates right.
C)He flatly turned it down
B)
He demanded an explanation.
D)He readily approved
it.
8. Doug felt
when he
realized that his assumption was wrong.
9. After attending Mindsets’
workshops, the participants came to know the importance of
to their business.
10. When we view people as
individuals and get rid of stereotypes , we can achieve diversity
and benefit from the
between us.
PART Ⅱ 篇章词汇题 (Banked Cloze)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten
blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a
list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read
the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each
choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single
line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the
bank more than once.
2009年6月20日
Every year in the first week of my English class, some students
inform me that writhing is too hard. They never write, unless
assignments
47 it . They fine the writing
process
48 and difficult.
How awful to be able to speak in a
language but not to write in it-
49 English ,
with its rich vocabulary . Being able to speak but not write is
like living in an
50 mansion(豪宅) and
never leaving one small room . When I meet students who think they
can’t write, I know as a teacher my
51 is to
show them the rest of the rooms . My task is to build fluency while
providing the opportunity inherent in any writing activity to
52 the moral and emotional development of my
students . One great way to do this is by having students write in
a journal in class every day.
Writing ability is like strength
training. Writing needs to be done
53 , just
like exercise ; just as muscles grow stronger with exercise ,
writing skills improve quickly with writing practice. I often see a
rise in student confidence and
54 after only
a few weeks of journal writing .
Expressing oneself in writing is
one of the most important skills I teach to strengthen the whole
student. When my students practice journal writing, they are
practicing for their future academic, political, and
55
lives . They build skills so that some day they might
write a great novel, a piece of sorely needed legislation, or the
perfect love letter. Every day that they write in their journals
puts them a step
56 to fluency ,
eloquence
(雄辩), and command of language .
A) closer
I) painful
B) daily
J) performance
C) emotional
K) profession
D) enhance
L) remarkably
E) enormous
M) require
F) especially
N)
sensitive
G) hinder
O)
urge
H) mission
|
2008年12月20日
A bookless life is an incomplete life. Books influence the depth
and breadth of life. They meet the natural______47_F_____for
freedom, for expression, for creativity and beauty of life.
Learners, therefore, must have books, and the right type of book,
for the satisfaction of their need. Readers turn______48_K____ to
books because their curiosity concerning all manners of things,
their eagerness to share in the experiences of others and their
need to ____49 H_____ from their own limited environment lead them
to find in books food for the mind and the spirit. Through their
reading they find a deeper significance to life as books acquaint
them with life in the world as it was and it is now. They are
presented with a __50 G_____ of human experiences and come to ___51
N____ other ways of thought and living. And while ____52 I____
their own relationships and responses to life , the readers often
find that the ___53 B__ in their stories are going through similar
adjustments, which help to clarify and give significance to their
own.
Books provide ___54 A_____ material for readers’ imagination to
grow. Imagination is a valuable quality and a motivating power, and
stimulates achievement. While enriching their imagination, books
__55 O____their outlook, develop a fact-finding attitude and train
them to use leisure ___56 M___. The social and educational
significance of the readers’ books cannot be overestimated in an
academic library.
A. Abundant
B. Characters
C. Communicating
D.
Completely
E. Derive
F. Desire
G.
Diversity
H. Escape
I.
Establishing
J. Narrow
K. Naturally
L. Personnel
M. Properly
N. Respect
O. Widen
2008年6月21日
Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would
require three months of travel through Europe. I had been abroad a
couple of times, but I could hardly
47 to know my way around
the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was
48 to a little college French.
I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language,
49
unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up
50 and do research? It seemed impossible, and with
considerable
51I sat down to write a letter begging off.
Halfway through, a thought ran through my mind: you can’t learn if
you don’t try. So I accepted the assignment.
There were some bad
52. But by the time I had finished the
trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since，I have never
hesitated to head for even the most remote of places， without
guides or even
53 bookings, confident that somehow I will
manage.
The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition
54. But each time you try something, you learn, and as the
learning plies up, the world opens to you.
I’ve learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a
55. And I know I’ll go to doing such things. It’s not
because I’m braver or more daring than others. I’m not. But I’ll
accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can
56 wonders.
A. accomplish
I .manufacture
B. advanced
J. moments
C. balloon
K. news
D. claim
L.
reduced
E. constantly
M. regret
F. declare
N.
scary
G. interviews
O. totally
H. limited
|
2007年12月22日
As war spreads to many corners of the
globe, children sadly have been drawn into the center of conflicts.
In Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Colombia, however, groups of children
have been taking part in peace education
47.
The children, after learning to resolve conflicts, took on the
48 of peacemakers. The Children’s Movement for Peace
in Colombia was even
nominated (提名) for the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1998. Groups of children
49
as peacemakers studied human rights and poverty issues in
Colombia, eventually forming a group with five other schools in
Bogota known as The Schools of Peace.
The classroom
50
opportunities for children to replace angry,
violent behaviors with
51 , peaceful ones.
It is in the classroom that caring and respect for each person
empowers children to take a step
52
toward becoming peacemakers. Fortunately, educators have
access to many online resources that are
53
useful when helping children along the path to peace. The
Young Peacemakers Club, started in 1992, provides a Website with
resources for teachers and
54
on starting a Kindness Campaign. The World Centers of
Compassion for Children International call attention to children’s
rights and how to help the
55
of war. Starting a Peacemakers’ Club is a praiseworthy
venture for a class and one that could spread to other classrooms
and ideally affect the culture of the
56
school.
A) acting
I) information
B) assuming
J) offers
C) comprehensive
K) projects
D) cooperative
L) respectively
E) entire
M) role
F) especially
N)
technology
G) forward
O)
victims
H) images
|
2007年6月23日
Years ago, doctors often said that pain was
a normal part of life. In particular, when older patients
47
of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they
would have to learn to live with it.
Times have changed. Today, we take pain _48_. Indeed, pain is now
considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure,
temperature, breathing rate and pulse in _49_ a person’s
well-being. We know that
chronic (慢性的) pain can
disrupt (扰乱的) a person’s life, causing problems that
_50_from missed work to depression.
That’s why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians
who_51_in pain medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the
pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help
provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other
psychological and social __52_ related to chronic pain. Such
comprehensive therapy often
53 the work of social workers,
psychiatrists (心理医生) and psychologists, as well as
specialists in pain medicine.
This modern
54 for pain management has led to a wealth of
innovative treatments which are more effective and with fewer side
effects than ever before. Decades ago, there were only a
55 number of drugs available, and many of them caused
56 side effects in older people, including dizziness and
fatigue. This created a double-edged sword:
the medications
helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be
worse than the pain itself.
A) result
I ) determining
B) involves
J ) limited
C) significant
K) gravely
D) range
L) complained
E) relieved
M) respect
F) issues
N) prompting
G) seriously
O) specialize
H) magnificent
|
2006年12月23日
The flood of women into the job market boosted economic growth and
changed U.S. society in many ways. Many in-home jobs that used to
be done
47 by women — ranging
from family shopping to preparing meals to doing
48 work — still need to be done by
someone. Husbands and children now do some of these jobs, a
49 that has changed the target
market for many products. Or a working woman may face a crushing
“poverty of time” and look for help elsewhere, creating
opportunities for producers of frozen meals, child care centers,
dry cleaners, financial services, and the like.
Although there is still a big wage
50
between men and women, the income working women
51 gives them new independence and buying
power. For example, women now
52
about half of all cars. Not long ago, many car dealers
53 women shoppers by
ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their
husbands. Now car companies have realized that women are
54 customers. It’s interesting
that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to
55 pay attention to women customers. In
Japan, fewer women have jobs or buy cars—the Japanese society is
still very much male-oriented. Perhaps it was the
56 contrast with Japanese society that
prompted American firms to pay more attention to women
buyers.
[A] scale
[I] potential
[B] retailed
[J] gap
[C] generate
[K] voluntary
[D] extreme
[L] excessive
[E] technically
[M]
insulted
[F] affordable
[N]
purchase
[G] situation
[O] primarily
[H] really
|
2006年6月24日真题
EI Nino is the name given to the mysterious and often unpredictable
change in the climate of the world. This strange __47__ happens
every five to eight years. It starts in the Pacific Ocean and
is thought to be caused by a failure in the
trade
winds (信风), which affects the ocean currents driven by these
winds. As the trade winds lessen in __48__, the ocean temperatures
rise, causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up
by as much as 5℃.
The warming of the
ocean has far-reaching effects. The hot,
humid (潮湿的) air
over the ocean causes severe __49__ thunderstorms. The rainfall is
increased across South America, __50__ floods to Peru. In the West
Pacific, there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia. So
while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains and floods,
other parts face drought, poor crops and ___51___.
EI Nino usually
lasts for about 18 months. The 1982-83 EI Nino brought the most
__52__ weather in modern history. Its effect was worldwide and it
left more than 2,000 people dead and caused over eight billion
pounds_53_of damage. The 1990 EI Nino lasted until June 1995.
Scientists _54__this to be the longest EI Nino for 2,000
years.
Nowadays, weather
experts are able to forecast when an EI Nino will __55__, but they
are still not __56__sure what leads to it or what affects how
strong it will be.
A) estimate
I) completely
B) strength
J)
destructive
C) deliberately
K)
starvation
D) notify
L) bringing
E) tropical
M) exhaustion
F) phenomenon
N) worth
G) stable
O) strike
H) attraction
|
