Contract与Agreement区别
2010-10-19 13:31阅读:
contract 与 agreement的有无区别?在英语中,合同一般称为contract,协议一般称为agreement.下面分别进行讲解。
第一部分 何谓“contract”?
1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:a contact in this law refers to an agreement
establishing, modifying and termi
nating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal
footing,that
is,between
natural persons,legal persons or other organizations.
根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven h.
gifts编著的“law dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise,
or a set of
promises, for breach of which the law gives
remedy, or
the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a
duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
I .b
Curzon 在其编撰的字典“a dictionary of law”给contract的定义:“contract is a legally binding
agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“contract is an
agreement”,即可将合同说成是“an agreement which binds the parties
concerned”或者说成是“an agreement which is enforceable by
law”,也可以说:contracts are promises that the law will
enforce.
第二部分 何谓“agreement”?
I.b
“a consensus of
mind, or
evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form,
relating to anything done or to
be
done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。
“Black Law
Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“a concord of understanding and intention between
two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative
rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or
performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方对某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
另一个是:the
consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the
transmission of some property, right or benefits,
with the view of contacting an
obligation, a mutual
obligation.根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。
第三部分 contract和agreement是否可互换?
合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。l.b curzon编著的“a diction of
law”提到“contract generally
involves”:
1. offer
and absolute and unqualified acceptance
(要约和绝对接受)
2.
consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds)
3.
intention to create legal relations
(建立合同关系的意愿)
4.
genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)
5.
contractual capacity of the parties
(合同当事人的缔约能力)
6.
legality of object(标的物的合法性)
7.
possibility of performance
(履行的可能性)
8.
certainty of terms(条款的确定性)
9.
valuable consideration(等价有偿)
“Black Law
Dictionary” 中解释道:although often used as synonyms
with “contract”, agreement is a broader term,
e.g. An agreement might lack an
essential element of a contact.
即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential
clauses/provisions)。
实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(general
provisions)。1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:
1. title
or name and domicile of the
parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)
2.
contract object(标的)
3.
quantity(数量)
4.
quality(质量)
5. price
or remuneration(价款或者报酬)
6. time
limit, place and method of performance
(履行期限、地点和方式)
7.
liability for breach of
contract(违约责任)
8. methods
to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)
上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。
第四部分
商务英语合同结构特点
合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:
this
agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of
_____(month), _______ (year) by and between party A (hereinafter called “
party A
”)and party
B (hereinafter called “ party B ”)
然后是开始陈述:
whereas……Therefore
… it is
hereby agreed as follows:
或以:
witnessed, whereas…
now
therefore, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and
agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as
follows:
接着是正文,最后是证明部分:
in witness
whereof,the
parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years
first above written.
随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。
第五部分
新加坡合同格式
Agreement
this
agreement is made the 9th day of august,
2001 between lucky
international ltd, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its
registered office at Telek Blongar rise,
Singapore 19569
(hereinafter
called “the
company”) of the part and Jack Wong (NRIC No._________ /a)
of 108 orchard
road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called
“the
manager”) of the other part.
whereas:
1. The
company is engaged in it business and requires a person with the
necessary qualifications and experience to manage its
business.
2.
…。
now it is
hereby agreed as follows:
1. The
company shall employ the manager and the manager shall serve the
company as manager of the company's it business for a period of two
years commencing on 1st day of September
2.
…。
in witness
whereof, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year
first above written.
The
schedule above referred to
Duties of
manger
1. to
manage, maintain and promote the business of the
company.
Signed by
roger tan
For and on
behalf of lucky international ltd
In the
presence of
Signed by
Teresa Wong
In the
presence of
新加坡的通用合同分五部分:
第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:
this
agreement is made the ——__________ day of _____
(month),____ (year) between a _______ (hereinafter called
“the
company”) of the part and b______,
(hereinafter
called “the
manager”) of the other part.
句子开头this
agreement 或contract和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office
at”和其后注册地址相连。
第二部分:称为recital.以whereas开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。
第三部分:称为habendum 具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:
in witness
whereof, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year
first above written.
这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。
第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。
第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“signed by
__”;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“in the presence of ____”。
(此文转载自互联网)