基于霍兰德职业兴趣模型理论的自我探索（英文）
2011-12-15 09:16阅读：
霍兰德兴趣模型理论应该是最知名的人职匹配理论了，自从60年代John
Holland发布了他的理论后，他一致致力于不断完善其理论模型，并研究开发了一些列心理测评的工具以印证并发展他的理论，其中，自我导向寻找Self
Directed
Search应该是其中最为知名，也是普及面最广的测评工具，在全球的的使用量以及普及面最广。但是，很多人在学习使用霍兰德理论时，关注的仅仅是六种职业类型的简单匹配，但是，霍兰德兴趣理论中有关符合度Congruence，差异度Differentiation，一致性Consistency，职业角色Vocational
Identity的概念，都经常被忽略了。在本文中，我基于霍兰德职业模型的理论，就我个人早期职业生涯中决策的形成的机理进行了梳理，尝试使用霍兰德理论去诠释决策形成的原因。
Self-Directed Search (SDS) (Holland, 1994) is used to translate
individuals’ self estimates of interests and competencies into
Holland types (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2009, pp. 69). I used
Self-Directed Search Assessment Booklet Form R, A guide to
educational and career planning (Holland, 1970, 1977, 1985,
1990, 1994), , which is a Australian edition adapted and
published in Austria by the Australian Council for Educational
Research by arrangement with Psychological Assessment Resources
Inc., This assessment booklet identified my three-letter
summary code as CIE, and recommended several occupati
ons to me such as civil engineering associate, computer database
administrator, computer network administrator, computer system
manager, electrical engineering associate, local area network
manager, medical records administrator, plumbing engineering
associate, system administrator, customs agent, import/export
clerk, and water inspector.
How does The Summary Code Describe Me?
The assessment booklet guided me to calculate numerical numbers for
each type, and the total scores in an order of RIASEC are 14, 21,
4, 13, 16, and 42. It is very clear that I resemble Conventional
and Investigative more predominantly than the other types, which is
in line with my self-perception of my personality, interests and
competencies.
The conventional personality type prefers activities that entail
the explicit, ordered, and systematic manipulation of data (Niles
& Harris-Bowlsbey, 2009, pp. 65). I am very much a systematic
and ordered person, and I want everything in its exact order with
explicit logic. I am very good at processing and organizing massive
data to a simplified style so that the others could understand and
absorb the information relatively easy. I was majored in electrical
engineering in the university, and it is an R type of environment
that requires much skillful manipulation of objects, tools and
machines. But I found that even though I was very good in all kinds
of written exams, I just cannot operate machines well and I have no
interest at all to make a hammer! After learning the Holland’s type
theory, I found the result resembles me very well as a typical C
type of person, and what interests me indeed is the kind of fields
in accounting, business analysis, banking service and governmental
administration services.
The investigative personality type prefers activities that entail
the observational, symbolic, systematic, and creative investigation
of physical, biological and culture phenomena in order to
understand and control such phenomena (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey,
2009, pp. 64). If I compare my score (21) on investigative to other
people or to the highest score that one type can achieve (44) in
the assessment, my preference on investigative is relatively lower,
however, it is still the second highest score I had in the
assessment. I have to say I am not a natural investigator who
pursuits detail out of detail. The level of my investigation
depends on the practical needs, and I do investigate a lot in my
field of profession such as psychological assessment and research
method. The combination of C and I reflects my true type in a right
order, and also, my summary code differentiates with the other
codes greatly.
How does The Holland Theory Account for My Occupational
Choices?
I was offered a technical engineer’s job in a trading company right
after my graduation, and I liked that job because the job
description requires me to do the programming work for the
controlling unit. It was a right fit for me as I always wanted to
sit in a nice and quiet office doing something with the data and
creativity. I think I was congruent with this kind of environment
that does not need to interact with people so much. But, after
several weeks, my manager wanted me to do street promotion, and I
have to visit all kinds of schools to promote products. I felt so
stressed and dissatisfied that I resigned from the job after one
month because a Social type of environment is far from my Holland
Type as Conventional。
I joined Nokia Networks as a production engineer after I resigned
from my first company. This job required me to repair surface mount
machines and make preventive maintenance. It was not something I
really want to do, however, I liked this company and I knew I must
start from shop-floor work to learn and develop step by step. I
also started to make preventive maintenance plan and created
machinery service tool simply because I wanted to reduce my
shop-floor workload by better planning, and this is truly the CI
type of preferences that made me to create new ways for better
organization and management of the things and data. My Finnish
manager recognized my strength in data handling and general
planning skill, and he offered me a new position as an industrial
design engineer after one year. This job requires me to do work
study, production line improvement, and project management. I did
so well in this position and got promoted several times in 5 years
time, and now I can understand how effective and powerful it can be
if people are placed in an environment that is congruent with their
Holland Type.
How does The Holland Theory Account for My Current Career
Goals?
I established a company with my partners in Year 2008 with a
mission to be the best on-line career counseling and resource
platform for Chinese students and young professionals. My current
career goal is to be a well recognized career assessment specialist
and a career counseling educator in China. Holland theory really
accounted for my current career goals. I am not a type of person
who can socialize and interact freely with people, and after many
years’ trial and error, I have developed a very clear vocational
identity. A person’s vocational identity refers to the clarity and
focus of his or her vocational preferences, aspirations, and
self-perception (Gottfredson., & Johnstun, 2009). When I was
selecting a field of the profession in career counseling, I decided
to focus on career assessment because psychological assessment
requires a systematic data organization and manipulation. In
addition, psychological assessment also requires heavy
investigation of theory and application. I started to read lots of
assessment books to understand the theory, and I even designed an
on-line engine to collect massive data from users who are browsing
my website. Other types of people might be already bored with long
time data processing and research, but I was energetic and
passionate all the time to make new revisions from time to
time.
My friends and former colleagues questioned my career goal as a
career counselor when I just made my decision because they did not
believe a Conventional and Investigative type of people can really
do a good job as a counselor. I made a correct choice to be an
assessment specialist, and I have been doing a great job teaching
students and other professionals as an educator about how
psychological assessment can make career counseling more effective
and fact-based.
Further Insights into Applying Holland Type Theory
Gottfredson, & Johnstun pointed out that “Despite the success
of Holland’s typological theory, many influences on people’s
careers are beyond its scope.” (2009, pp. 105). Take my career
experience as an example; I can summarize the following reasons
that accounted to my major career choices at different
point-of-time.
n Choice of college and major. It was very much a decision
made by my father as a tradition in an Asian culture where parents
make education or career decisions for their children.
n Choice of the first occupation. It was very much the need
of making a living independently that forced me to accept any valid
offers as soon as possible without looking into detail about the
company and work content.
n Choice of leaving the first company. It was the
high distress and pressure from the sales type of work that forced
me to quit, however, I had a better choice at the
moment, and therefore my need of making a living could still be
satisfied.
n Choice of selecting career counseling in the area of
psychological assessment and counselor education as my current
career. It was the combination of expression of my value to help
others and the reflection of my Holland Type that accounted to this
decision.
When using Holland Type theory as an intervention tool for career
counseling, career counselors should pay attention to counselee’s
contextual situation such as culture background, family
responsibilities, general mental health, value and the need to
complement the P-E theory. It is also important to encourage
counselees to take internship, job fair, job-shadowing, or leisure
activities so that they have more chances to find their types of
interests, or, differentiate their types.
References
Gottfredson. G. D., & Johnstun. M. L. (2009), John Holland’s
Contribution: A Theory-Ridden Approach to Career Assistance. The
Career Development Quarterly, 58, 104.
Holland, J. L. (1970, 1977, 1985, 1990, 1994). Self-Directed
Search Assessment Booklet Form R, A guide to educational and career
planning. Australia: Australian Council for Educational
Research。
Niles, S. G., & Bowlsbey, J. H. (2009). Career development
interventions in the 21st century (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Pearson.
