三步搞定论文引言
2018-09-29 14:37阅读:
http://www.360doc.com/content/17/1208/13/985999_711236764.shtml
如何写论文的引言,是每一个研究生同学都会碰到的问题。正所谓,思绪万千,却不知道从何入手。其实,文章只要开好了头,也就完成了一半。
或许对很多朋(da)友(niu)们来讲,引言已经不是什么问题啦。但是如果我们能利用语言学领域中的知识和研究,更系统地看待学术写作,更高效地写作和阅读文献,岂不是更好吗?
今天要推荐给大家的是John Swales的学术引言写作C.A.R.S模型。
所谓C.A.R.S模型就是The Creating a Research Space Model
(“创建研究空间”模型),是由John Swales于1981年提出,后在1990年出版的《体裁分析》(Genre
Analysis: English in Academic and Research
Settings)一书中进行修正,由原先的4-move(语步)model改为3-move model (1990,p.
141)。
John M.
Swales,1938年出生,毕业于剑桥大学,主修心理学,曾任教于利兹大学、阿斯顿大学及密歇根大学(安阿伯分校),现已退休。
这个模型可以说非常经典啦。通过这个模型,你可以更好地开展写作,并了解引言在你论文及更大范围研究中的作用。
1 Move 1: Establishing a
Territory(确定研究范围)-SITUATION
|
- Claiming Centrality 确立中心议题 and/or
- Step 2 -- Making topic generalization(s) 概括主题内容
and/or
- Step 3 -- Reviewing items of previous research
回顾前期研究成果
2
Move 2: Establishing a Niche(确定研究空间)-PROBLEM
- Step 1a -- Counter-claiming 提出相反意见 or
- Step 1b -- Indicating a gap 指出缺口 or
- Step 1c -- Question-raising 提出问题 or
- Step 1d -- Continuing a tradition 拓展前人研究
3
Move 3: Occupying the Niche
(占据该研究空间)-SOLUTION
- Step 1a -- Outlining purposes 概括研究目的
- Step 1b -- Announcing present research 通报当前研究
- Step 2 -- Announcing principle findings 通报主要研究结果
- Step 3 -- Indicating article structure
概述文章结构
Move 1 Establishing a Territory(确定研究范围)
- Step 1 Claiming Centrality 确定中心议题
这一步,作者通常需要展现的是该研究议题是有趣的、相关的、重要的,值得研究的。
常见的句式包括:
- Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how
to….
- The possibility….has generated interest in ….
- The well-known…. phenomena…has been favorite topics for
analysis both in…
- A central issue in…is the validity of ….
- Many investigators have recently turned to….
- Step 2 Making topic generalizations
概括主题内容
这一步一般有两种形式:1)对该议题现有的知识、做法的陈述;
如:
- There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis
that….
- A standard procedure for assessing has been…
2)对现象的描述
如:
- An elaborate system of… is found in the…
- There are many situations where….
- Step 3 Reviewing items of previous research
回顾前期研究成果
这一步作者需要具体地阐述:过去谁(who)在什么时间(when)发现了什么(what)。可以想象,这一步会有大量的in-text
citation
如:
- Smith(1989)found….
- It has been suggested that…(Smith,1989)
- Observations by Smith (1989)….
- The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988)
Move 2: Establishing a Niche(确定研究空间)
- Step 1a Counter-claiming
提出相反意见
如:
- However, this view is challenged by recent data
showing…
- However, these approaches become increasingly unreliable
when…
- Step 1b Indicating a gap
指出缺口
如:
- A considerable amount of research has been…but little
research…
- The only reported study to date of…covered a limited range
of…
- The properties of…are still not completely
understood.
- Evidence on this question is presently inconclusive.
- Step 1c Question-raising 提出问题
如:
- The question remains…?
- How much has the seal population actually decreased?
- However, it is not clear whether the use of…can be modified
to….
- Step 1d Continuing a tradition
拓展前人研究
常与逻辑连接词共同出现,如therefore, hence, consequently及thus.
如:
- Hence, additional studies of…are needed.
- It is desirable to carry out surveys of…
Move 2不一定出现在整个literature review之后,也可能紧跟在每一条separate
review之后,这样的话,Step 1/Move 3 Move 2就会不断循环,直到review完全完成。
Move 3: Occupying the Niche (占据该研究空间)
- Step 1a Outlining purposes
概括研究目的
这一步回答的问题是 why?为什么要做这个研究
如:
- The aim of this paper is to…
- The purpose here is to document…
- Step 1b Announcing present research
通报当前研究
这一步讲的是当前的研究是由谁、在哪里、何时、怎么做的?
如:
- This paper evaluates the effect on….
- The research focuses on a strategy for….
- The thesis proposes a formal procedure for…
- In this paper, we provide a novel approach to…
- Step 2 Announcing principle findings
通报主要研究结果
如:
- This approach provides effective…
- Our results indicate that this method is effective in…
- Step 3 Indicating article structure
概述文章结构
如:
- We have organized the rest of this paper in the following
way…
- This paper is structured as follows…
- The remainder of this paper is divided into 5
sections..
如果你现在处于研究的早期,只有模糊的概念,还不太清楚自己要做些什么,可以试一试写一段简短的引言,这样可以帮助你理清头绪。
希望今天的推送能带给朋友们新的idea,已经有所了解的朋友们也希望你们多指教啦。
参考文献:
Swales, J. (1990).
Genre analysis : English in academic
and research settings. Cambridge : Cambridge University
Press,