中西语言文化与英汉互译 Four
2013-10-13 00:30阅读：
Genre
Prose/rhyme 散体/韵体
Prose----composition without
scansion
Rhyme----composition with scansion
Scansion(rhyme/rhythm)韵律分析:
Scansion is the process of
measuring(斟酌)
verse, identifying its prevailing
meter (韵律,格律)
and rhythm
(节奏),
and accounting for deviations
from the metrical pattern. In
scanning a poem, we try
to determine its dominant rhythm
and meter, and to acc
ount
for
variations
from
the
norm.
The form of a poem
Number of lines:
A stanza or poem
with
1 line: monostich
单行诗白（警句）
2 lines: couplet
对联，对句
3 lines: tercet / triplet
三行诗
4 lines: quatrain
四行诗
5 lines: limerick
五行打油诗
6 lines: hexastich
六行诗
7 lines: heptastich
七行诗
8 lines: octave
八行诗
A few verse forms:
(1)sonnet 十四行诗
(2)blank verse 无韵诗
/ 素体诗
(3)free verse 自由体诗
(4)doggerel 打油诗
(5)Triolet 八行两韵诗
(6)Heroic couplet英雄偶句体诗
Definition: lines of iambic
pentameter rhymed in pairs: aa,
bb, cc, and so on.
（This verse
form was introduced into English
poetry by Chaucer, and has
been in constant use ever
since. ）
for example:
As soon as April
pierces to the root
The drought of March,
and bathes each bud and
shoot
through every vein of
sap with gentle showers
from whose
engendering liquor spring the
flowers;
(7)Iambic Pentameter（五音步抑扬格）
A poetic line consisting of
five verse feet (音步) ( penta- is
from a Greek word meaning
“five” ),with each foot an
iamb (抑扬格)---that is , an unstressed
syllable followed by a stressed
syllable. ( Iambic pentameter is
the most common verse line
in English poetry.
)
Rhythm 节奏
1. Definition:
the regular recurrence of the
accent or stress in a
poem.
2. How do we mark the
rhythm of a poem?
We use ’ for a stressed
syllable and ﹀
an unstressed
syllable.
For example:
Shall I compare thee to a
summer’s day?
﹀ ’
﹀
’
﹀
’
﹀
’
﹀
’
Meter 韵律
Definition: the number of foot
in a poetic
line.
Types of meter:
1．Iamb抑扬格：
an unstressed syllable followed
by a stressed syllable;
iambic抑扬格的
for example:
﹀ ’
﹀ ’
﹀
’
﹀
’
﹀
’
. As
soon as April pierces to
the root
﹀ ’ ﹀ ’
﹀
’
﹀
’
﹀
’
The drought of
March, and bathes each bud
and shoot
2. Trochee 扬抑格：
a stressed syllable followed by
an unstressed syllable;
trochaic扬抑格的
3. Anapest抑抑扬格：
two unstressed syllables followed
by a stressed syllable
anapestic抑抑扬格的
4. Dactyl扬抑抑格：
a stressed syllable followed by
two unstressed syllables
dactylic扬抑抑格的
Foot 音步
Definition：The
basic unit of measurement in
a line of poetry.
In scansion, a foot represents
one instance of a metrical
pattern and is shown either
between or to the right
or left of vertical lines,
as in the following:
﹀
’
︱﹀
’
︱﹀
’
︱﹀
’
Whose woods
︱these
are︱
I think
︱ I
know
Below is a list of
classifications:
monometer:
one foot
单音步
dimeter:
two feet
两音步
trimeter:
three feet
三音步
tetrameter：
four feet
四音步
pentameter：
five feet
五音步
hexameter：
six feet
六音步
heptameter：
seven feet
七音步
octameter：
eight feet
八音步
The meter in a poem is
classified according both to its
pattern and the number of
feet to the line.
Rhyme 押韵
1. Definition: the matching of
final vowel and consonant sounds
in two or more
words.
2. How do we record the
rhyme scheme of a
poem?
We use a, b, c, …We
use the same letter to
mark the lines with the
same rhyme.
翻译练习：
1.你出生的时候，我还没出生，而我出生的时候，你已经老了。很遗憾我们不是同一时间出生。如果生在同一时间，我就可以天天对你好了。
自译：
You were born,yet I was
not; I was born, while
you were old. What a pity
we were not born on the
same day. If on the same
day, I would be good to
you everyday.
2. 君生我未生，
我生君已老。
恨不生同时，
日日与君好。
自译：You were born, I
was unborn.
I was
born, you were old.
For not
born on the same
day,
Or I
would be good to you
everyday.
师译： When you were
born, born I
was not;
When
I was born, you had been
old.
Why
not the same? I hate the
lot.
From
day to day, your hand
I’d
hold.
Analyze:
(1)每行诗有四个音部八个音节，韵律为“轻重轻重轻重轻重”，即抑扬格Iamb（ab
ab...）.
(2)“Why not the
same?” 叙述活跃，“From day to day”运用抑扬格abab的韵律，比“everyday”所表示的形象更加鲜明。“your hand
I’d
hold”使用虚拟语气，寄托了美好的愿望。
(3)“born,born”运用了顶真（chain repetition）的修辞手法, 这样的句式可使熟悉的句子陌生化，突出了语言的形式。
Thinking：
(1)在翻译诗行时，译者既要有Linguistic
awareness（语言学意识）又要有Literary awareness（文学意识）.
(2) Masculine rhyme
阳韵（只最后一个音节押韵）
Feminine rhyme 阴韵
（押韵的双音节词第二个音节为非重音，
前后两个音节都押韵，即重音在前）
课后学习：
Russian Formalism 俄国形式主义：
俄罗斯形式主义反对俄国革命前处理叙述材料的传统方式，转而重视艺术语言形式的重要性，认为文学之所以为文学在于它的文学性，而文学性存在于形式之中。这里的形式主要指语言形式。
一．俄国形式主义认为，文学研究的主题是文学性。
二．俄国形式主义认为，艺术内容不能脱离艺术形式而独立存在，这是他们对文学“形式”进行的新界定。
三．俄国形式主义认为
1、陌生化是艺术加工和处理的基本原则。
“陌生化”（de-familiarization/
estrangement）是俄国形式主义提出的核心概念，也是形式主义文论中最富有价值而且至今仍有启迪意义的思想。所谓陌生化就是将对象从其正常的感觉领域移出，通过施展创造性手段，重新构造对对象的感觉，从而扩大认知的难度和广度，不断给读者以新鲜感的创作方式。文学的价值就在于让人们通过阅读恢复对生活的感觉，在这一感觉的过程中产生审美快感。如果审美感觉的过程越长，文学作品的艺术感染力就越强，陌生化手段的实质就是要设法增加对艺术形式感受的难度，拉长审美欣赏的时间，从而达到延长审美过程的目的。
2.陌生化理论在文学批评中的运用
什克洛夫斯基还将陌生化理论运用于小说领域，并作了多方面的研究。首先，他从视角变异的角度谈陌生化效果。其次，他从语言变形和移位的角度研究陌生化。第三，他根据叙事文本中事序结构与叙述结构的关系探讨对常规的背离。第四，他用陌生化的理论对文学的继承和发展做出了新的解释.
