【读书记·《金枝》一书中的《金枝》一画】
2013-04-21 16:41阅读:
想到看《金枝》这本书是因为微博上的推荐。正好当当网上有电子版,便下了来看。当当的那个版本是陕西师范大学出版社出的,译者是赵阳。看了一百来页,发现译文不太靠谱,便在网上找了另一个版本的中译本,是大众文艺出版社出的,译者是徐育新、汪培基、张泽石,这个中译本还有商务印书馆、新世界出版社等出过。就已看的部分而言,两相比较,徐译本比赵译本要扎实和充实,尤其是注释部分,但也有启人疑窦的地方,于是下决心找原文来对照看。一看之下,倒看出些意思来。
《金枝》是英国人类学家詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽有关巫术与宗教研究的一部巨著,问世后备受推崇。这部书虽然是学术专著,但却写得生动有趣,这个特点从它的开篇就有突出的体现。
全书从一幅画名为《金枝》的画说起,这是一位名叫特纳的画家的作品:
Who does not know Turner's picture of the Golden Bough? The
scene, suffused with the golden glow of imagination
in which the divine mind of Turner steeped and transfigured
even the faires natural landscape, is a dream-like vision of the
little woodland lake of Nemi- 'Diana's Mirror,' as it was
called by the ancients. No one
who has seen that calm water, lapped in a
green hollow of the Alban hills, can ever forget it. The
two characteristic Italian villages which
slumber on its banks, and the equally
Italian palace whose terraced gardens descend steeply
to the lake, hardly break the stillness and even the
solitariness of the
scene.
按作者的描绘,这幅画画的是阿尔巴群山山谷中一个名叫内米(Nemi)的小湖,湖岸上有意大利式村庄和宫殿,以及宫殿那延伸到湖边上的阶梯式花园,画中景象安静得近乎荒凉。在大众文艺出版社的版本中附有这幅画(下图为网络上找到的同一幅画,比较完整清晰):

对于“The two
characteristic Italian villages which slumber on its banks,
and the equally Italian palace
whose terraced gardens descend steeply to the
lake, hardly break the stillness and even the solitariness
of the
scene.”这句话,徐译本的翻译是:“画中,尽管有那两座沉睡在湖边的具有意大利特色的村庄和宫殿(它那陡峭的阶梯式花园一直伸延到湖边),整个画面依然寂静,甚至有些荒凉。”
按徐译本的说法,“两座”指的是村庄+宫殿,即一座村庄和一座宫殿,合计两座。但在原文里,村庄与宫殿是并列的两个意项,而two修饰的是village,因此用了复数;palace用的则是单数,因此与two应该没有关系,换言之,湖边上应该是两座村庄和一座宫殿。不过,因为自己不是学英文出身,不敢就此确认就是徐译本的误译,想起书中的附图,于是用最直接的办法:按图索骥,没想到对着图不仅没有找到想要的答案,却反而找到了另一个有意思的“谜”。
谜面就在这幅画上。关于作者,徐译本有专门的注释:“J. M. W.
特纳(1715-1851),英国著名画家。”而赵译本则直接在译文中说明:“人们都知道英国著名画家特纳创作的那幅《金枝》的画作。”百度百科上有《金色树枝》的词条,就是关于这幅画的,其作者即标注为特纳(百度上译为透纳),该画现藏英国泰特美术馆(Tate
Britain)。而美术馆对这幅画的相关介绍是:
The painting has sometimes been described
under the fuller title of 'Lake Avernus, the Fates and the Golden
Bough'.
This Subject comes from Virgil's poem, the Aeneid.
The Trojan hero, Aeneas, has come to Cumae to consult the Sibyl, a
prophetess. She tells him he can only enter the Underworld to meet
the ghost of his father if he offers Proserpine a golden bough cut
from a sacred tree. Turner shows the Sibyl holding a sickle and the freshly cut
bough, in front of Lake Avernus, the legendary gateway to the
Underworld. The dancing figures are the Fates. Like the snake in
the foreground, they hint at death and the mysteries of the
Underworld, amidst the beauty of the
landscape.
在网上看到其他海外版本的《金枝》一书所附的也是特纳的这幅画,因此,出版社应该是没有用错图,但将以上两段描述同一幅画的文字进行对照,就会发现它们是在各说各话:
1)按美术馆的介绍,这幅画上的湖叫做亚维努斯湖(Lake
Avernus),并非弗雷泽所说的内米湖,画的全名:《亚维努斯湖,命运三女神和金枝》就是最好的确认。维基百科上有Lake
Nemi和Lake
Avernus两个独立的词条,而根据词条的介绍,这两个湖虽然同为意大利境内的火山湖,但一个在卡帕尼亚区(Campania),一个在拉齐奥区(Lazio),其风景名胜、古迹传说,以及湖名由来都各不相同,目前在网络上找到有关这两个湖的资料,也没有提到内米湖曾名亚维努斯湖或二者实为一湖,因此,就现有看到的资料而言,Lake
Nemi与Lake Avernus应为两个不同的湖。
2)按美术馆的介绍,特纳这幅《金枝》取材于维吉尔的诗歌《埃涅伊德》(the
Aeneid):特洛伊英雄埃涅阿斯(Aeneas)到库迈(Cumae)找女先知西贝尔(Sibyl),女先知告诉他要取得圣树上的金枝献给冥后普洛塞尔皮娜(Proserpine)才能进入冥界,见到他父亲的鬼魂。而弗雷泽所说的小湖内米关联的是另外一位女神及其传说:森林女神狄安娜及守护她的祭司传承制度-后任祭司必须砍下其圣地内一棵圣树上的一根树枝(也叫金枝)并杀死前任,方得继位为森林之王。
3)按美术馆的介绍,画上有手举镰刀和金枝,站在冥界之门亚维努斯湖前的女先知,还有正在舞蹈的命运三女神(the
Fates),以及常与冥界相伴而生的蛇。弗雷泽对画面的描绘中却完全没有人物,而他提到的村庄、宫殿、花园也不太容易在画上对得上号。画中的建筑物有三,画的最左侧有两个,看着不象村庄,倒象是某个大宅的外墙,尤其是左下角那个建筑上的花纹,就更与村庄不沾边;还有一个建筑在画中央的湖边,影影绰绰地也不象花园,倒象是个废墟,而且也完全没有从宫殿延伸至湖边的陡峭阶梯。换言之,美术馆的介绍在画上都可以得到一一对证,而弗雷泽描绘的似乎是另外的一幅画,甚至连与画名及其书名有直接关系的金枝,也没有提到。
泰特美术馆是收藏特纳作品最多的地方,有约三分之二的特纳作品由其馆藏。在其官网上可以找到特纳创作的与内米湖相关的作品,但有意思的是,这些作品中的景象也与弗雷泽所描绘的特纳画中的内米湖不一样。以下几幅分别是特纳在1794年、1827-28年、1835-40年、1840年创作的以内米湖(Lake
Nemi)为题的画作(均来自泰特美术馆官网),从画面上看,内米湖确实如弗雷泽所说的,是山中的一个“梦幻般”的小湖,但除此之外,象村庄、宫殿、花园之类就没办法对得上,或者在同一幅里全部对得上了,而这些画中的内米湖给人的感觉多是幽静而美妙,要说有荒凉之感未免过于勉强,因此,弗雷泽应该也不是以特纳有关内米湖的画作为蓝本作出那番描绘的。一个可能的猜想就是:弗雷泽张冠李戴了。


在网上以“金枝”或“Golden
Bough”为关键词搜索到的资料,几乎都会将弗雷泽的《金枝》一书与特纳的《金枝》一画相联系,原因当然就是因为弗雷泽开篇的那一段话,但有趣的是,几乎没有提及弗雷泽将画中的湖张冠李戴的。在准备结束搜索,心里不免为自己的猜测找不到直接的支持而甚遗憾的时候,却意外地在英国卫报网站上看到了“知音”:有一篇Jonathan
Jones 写的专栏文章《How Turner inspired the
Golden Bough》提到了这一点:
Frazer begins his anthropological study looking at
a single work of art. 'Who does not know Turner's picture of the
Golden Bough?' he asks in the first chapter. 'The scene, suffused
with the golden glow of imagination in which the divine mind of
Turner steeped and transfigured even the fairest natural landscape,
is a dream-like vision of the little woodland grove of Nemi -
'Diana's Mirror', as it was called by the ancients ... '
In fact, Turner's 1834 painting The Golden
Bough, owned by Tate Britain, depicts Lake Avernus in Campania,
with the Cumaean Sibyl, but no matter. Turner did also depict Lake
Nemi, beside which in ancient times stood a sanctuary of the
goddess Diana Nemorensis, Diana of the Wood; votive offerings left
there can be seen today in the British Museum. The shrine, explains
Frazer, was next to a sacred grove. And it's what took place inside
the grove that concerns him.
根据卫报上的介绍:“Jonathan Jones writes on art
for the Guardian and was on the jury for the 2009 Turner
prize”,应该算得上是英国艺术界的有识之士,他对弗雷泽的“张冠李戴”有如下看法,可以当作是方家之言:
He begins with Turner in
order to paint a landscape of his own: in deliberate contrast to
the golden glowing Italian scene he remembers in Turner's painting
The Golden Bough, he paints a grove of darkness:
......
Frazer doesn't pretend to be a
scientist delivering data; he makes it explicit from his first
sentence that he is a human being who lives inside, not outside,
culture. This is why, before leading us into the forest where
culture begins, he reminds us that somehow humanity's path leads to
the divine Turner.
按照Jonathan的说法,弗雷泽不过是借特纳的《金枝》玩了一下类似于中国古诗中的“起兴”手法,所谓“先言他物以引起所咏之辞也”,“起譬引类,起发己心”;在弗雷泽这里,就是从特纳画中的小湖与金枝的传说提起话头,引出自己真正想要说的另一个小湖和另一个有关金枝的传说。从这个角度来看,倒是能够解释弗雷泽的“张冠李戴”;以此作为可能的“谜底”之一,也算是了却了自己一个“心病”,不必再为到底是几座村庄和几座宫殿,以及花园到底何在而耿耿于怀了。
关于《金枝》(英国泰特美术馆官网):
http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-the-golden-bough-n00371/text-catalogue-entry
http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-the-golden-bough-n00371
金色树枝(百度百科):http://baike.baidu.com/view/9022380.htm
Lake Nemi(维基百科):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nemi
Lake Avernus(维基百科):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Avernus
How Turner inspired the Golden Bough, Jonathan,
Jones:http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/dec/10/art.classics