Division Three The Middle Ages 名词解释
2011-11-14 12:11阅读：
Division Three
The Middle Ages
1．the
Middle
ages（中世纪）:
1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th
century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman
Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle
ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern
times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government
to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite
Europe was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in
politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped
people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age
of Faith”.
2
．Feudalism（封建主义）：1）Feudalism
in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding
land in exchange for military service. 2）The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin
“feudum”, a grant of land.
3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）：1）In
Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands
into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a
reward for their service. 2）The
subdivisions were called fiefs.
4.
vassals（诸侯）: 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government
redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to
chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The
subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call
vassals.
5. Code of Chivalry
(骑士制度): 1) In the Middle Ages of
western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak,
to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect
women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of
chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners
developed.
6. dubbing
(骑士头衔加冕仪式) : After a knight was
successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a
special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special
ceremony is called dubbing.
7. The Manor
(庄园)： 1） The centre
of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.
2）Manors were founded on the
fiefs of the lords. 3）By the
twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as
fortresses. They came to be called castles.
8．The
Catholic Church(天主教): 1) In the medieval “ age of
faith”, almost all Europeans belonged to the Catholic Church. 2)
The word “catholic” meant “universal” 3) The Catholic Church was
highly centralized and disciplined international organization and
the Pope was the head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and
parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian
churches in western Europe. Those who opposed the Pope lost their
membership and their political right. 4) The Church even set up a
church court-the Inquisition to stamp out so-called heresy. 5)
Latin was the accepted official language in the Roman Catholic
Church. 6) This Church had great influence on people’s daily life
and the western thinking.
9．Monasticism
(修道院制度): 1）Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity,
between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew from worldly contacts
to deserts and lonely places. 2) This movement developed into the
establishment of monasteries（修道院）and convents (女修道院) for monks and nuns. 3）Some of the hermits were great scholars known as
“Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered
orthodox.. 4) Three representatives were St. Jerome, Augustine of
Hippo and St. Benedict.
10.Benedictine
Rule(本尼迪克特教团)： 1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk
in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to
give up all their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore
simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not
marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5)
They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at
midnight.6) In addition, they were expected to work five hours a
day in the fields surrounding the monastery.
11. holy
communion（圣餐）: 1) It is one of most important
sacraments. 2) It helps to remind people that Christ has died to
redeem man.
12．The
Crusades（十字军东征 1) In 1071 Palestine
fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the
Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as
slaves. 2) News of this kink roused great indignation among
Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy
wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years. 4) All the
soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a
symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief
Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6) Aothough the Crusades did not
achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important
effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought
the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly
influenced the history of Europe.
13. Carolingian
Renaissance（加洛林复兴）： 1） In early
medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged
learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to
scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books.
Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient
works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The
result of Charlemagne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian
Renaissance”. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in
Latin, Carolus. 5) The most interesting side of this rather minor
renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching
out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the
Christianized Hebraic culture.
14. Alfred the
Great（阿尔弗雷德大王） 1) As the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
Wessex, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. 2)
He worried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the
Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars,
founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the
vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the compilation of
the Anglo Saxon Chronicles.
15．National
Epic(民族史诗)：1）The epic
was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly
used form. in ancient literature.2） “National epic” refers to the epic written in
vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national
states that came into being in the Middle Ages.
3）Literary works were no longer
all written in Latin.4） It was
the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature
from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a
variety of national characteristics.
16．Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）：1)
It is an Anglo-Saxon epic in 8th century. 2) It
originates from the collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The
story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Veowulf,
defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster,
but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire
dragon. 4) It marks the beginning of English
literature.
17. Song of
Roland （《罗兰之歌》）： 1）It is the
most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson
de Gestes. 2) It tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s
warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the
Pyrenees.
18. The Divine
Comedy（《神曲》）：1）It was
written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is one of the
landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest
Christian poem with a profound vision of the medieval Christian
world, and expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit
of Renaissance. 4) It was written in Italian rather than in Latin,
which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature
away from it origins in Latin culture to a new varied
expression.
19. The Canterbury
Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）： 1) The Canterbury Tales was written by
English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twenty-four tales bold
by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. 3) Most of
the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation
by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native
alliterative verse(头韵).
4)The Canterbury Tales is the best representative of the
middle English, paving the way to Modern English.
20. Gothic（哥特式建筑）名词解释 1）The Gothic style. started
in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.
2) It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end
of 15th century and, in some areas, into the
16th. 3) More churches were built in this manner tan in
any other style. in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the
Romanesque, but it reflected a much more ordered feudal society
with full confidence. 5) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their
windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their
passion against the sky. The were decorated with beautiful stained
glass windows and sculptures.
