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[转载]文学使人不朽的思想在莎士比亚Sonnet 18中的体现

2013-05-28 19:23阅读:

文学使人不朽的思想在莎士比亚Sonnet 18中的体现

魏晋时期,文学趋于自觉,曹丕于《典论·论文》中称颂文章经国之大业,不朽之盛事年寿有时而尽,乐荣止乎其身,二者必至之常期,末若文章之无穷。是以古之作者,寄身于翰墨,见意于篇籍,不假良史之辞,不托飞驰之势,而声名自传于后。而在建安以前,文学地位并不独立,文学观寄寓道德于其中。扬雄斥汉赋为童子雕虫篆刻(《法言
·吾子》),曹植也认为辞赋小道,固未足以揄扬大义,彰示来世也《与杨德祖书》)。曹丕的《论文》自文学自身高度评价其存在价值,将其提高至前所未有的重要地位。莎士比亚在其十四行诗Sonnet 18中也表达了类似的思想。

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 5
And often is his gold complexion dimmed.
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, 10
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

这首诗歌以设问开篇,第一行提出问题:Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? 第二行却没有直接给出答案,只是说友人比夏季更可爱温婉。夏季是英国一年之中最好的季节,阳光明媚,温度适宜,因此莎士比亚在此将友人比喻为夏日。但自然界美好的夏日远非完美,第三至六行陈述了其存在的不足之处:夏日虽好,却有狂风大作之时,使五月的娇蕊遭受摧折。有时烈日当头,炙热难耐,加上时期太过短暂,难以久留,而乌云也会时时遮蔽太阳。夏日如此,人世间美的事物亦如是。第七、八行从美好的夏日延伸至世间任何美的事物。夏日虽美好,然而难称完美无缺。世间任何美的事物也会因不测之祸或四季更迭而终有陨零之时,再美的花朵会凋谢,再美的女郎会色衰。诗人在第三至八行列举了夏日的不足之处,又慨叹岁月嬗代,厄运难测,每一种美终会转瞬即逝,笔触沉重,一抑再抑。然而自第九行But thy eternal summer shall not fade开始笔势陡转,境界顿开,与前文形成强烈的对比。自然界的夏日有种种缺憾,世间美的事物也终有凋陨之时,而你的夏日会永存不衰(thy eternal summer),你所拥有的美会超越时空之限,连死神也对你奈何不得。第九、十、十一这三行层层递进,步步深入。诗人在第十二行中一语道破了坚信友人之美会亘古不朽的原因:你会借助我的诗篇而永葆青春(When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st)。第十三、十四行说明了友人在诗篇中永生的条件:只要人们有嘴可以呼吸,便可以朗读这首诗歌;只要人们有眼可以视物,便可以阅读这首诗歌。至此,诗篇又进入一个新的层次:真正伟大不朽的是这首诗篇,它可与时间相抗衡,从而使你的青春和美丽亘古长青。

古往今来,人们认为时间最为可怕,无人能战胜时间,帝王将相也概莫能免。文艺复兴时期诗人的作品中也多有时间无情、生命短暂的反映。斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser1552—1599)在《仙后》(The Faerie Queene)中写道:All things decay in time, and to their end do draw. ( Canto VI, xl) (万物于时间中腐烂,并走向终点),Great enimy to it, and to all the rest, /…/ Is wicked Time, who with his scyth addrest, / Does mow the flowring herbes and goodly things, / And all their glory to the ground downe flings. ( Canto VI, xxxix)(邪恶时间是百合和万物之敌,手执长柄镰刀肆意攻击,将芳草繁花和美好铲刈,使所有的灿烂委倒于地)。马维尔(Andrew Marvell, 1621—1678)也写道:But at my back I always hear / Time’s winged chariot hurrying near; / And yonder all before us lie / Deserts of vast eternity. / Thy beauty shall no more be found, / Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound / My echoing song. (To His Coy Mistress) (但是在我背后我总听到/时间的战车插翅飞奔,逼近了,/而在那前方,在我们面前,却展现/一片永恒的沙漠,寥廓、无限。/在那里,再也找不到你的美,/在你的汉白玉的寝宫里再也不会/回荡着我的歌声。杨周翰译)
再如Robert Herrick (1591–1674)这首很有名的《致妙龄少女:莫误青春》:

To the Virgins, to make much of Time

GATHER ye rosebuds while ye may,
Old Time is still a-flying:
And this same flower that smiles to-day
To-morrow will be dying.

The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,
The higher he 's a-getting,
The sooner will his race be run,
And nearer he 's to setting.

That age is best which is the first,
When youth and blood are warmer;
But being spent, the worse, and worst
Times still succeed the former.

Then be not coy, but use your time,
And while ye may, go marry:
For having lost but once your prime,
You may for ever tarry.

趁早吧,快采那玫瑰花苞,
时间老人永在飞翔;
同一朵花儿今天还在微笑,
明天就会枯萎死亡。

这旭日,空中华灯一盏,
总是在冉冉升高,
万里行程很快就要走完,
日近西沉黄昏到。

人生最美好的是妙龄韶华,
这时青春热血在燃烧;
虚度了,往后就是每况愈下,
青春美景再也难寻找。

因此,别害臊,享用你的妙龄时光吧,
趁早和你的意中人结婚;
因为一旦失去了最美妙的时光,
你或许永远要感到悔恨。
(何功杰 译)

To the Virgins, to make much of Time异曲同工的还有Edmund Waller(1606—1687)的这一首:

Go, lovely rose!
Go, lovely rose!
Tell her that wastes her time and me
That now she knows,
When I resemble her to thee,
How sweet and fair she seems to be.
Tell her that's young,
And shuns to have her graces spied,
That hadst thou sprung
In deserts, where no men abide,
Thou must have uncommended died.
Small is the worth
Of beauty from the light retired;
Bid her come forth,
Suffer herself to be desired,
And not blush so to be admired.
Then die! that she
The common fate of all things rare
May read in thee;
How small a part of time they share
That are so wondrous sweet and fair!


去,可爱的玫瑰,
告诉她,她浪费青春也令我憔悴
她现在应懂得,
当我把她比作你,她看起来是多
可爱又多娇美。
告诉她年轻时
把她的魅力掩藏,不向世人展示,
你从那荒漠里
盛开时,那地方没人居住,你谢世
一定无人惋惜。
从明亮处退出
美丽的价值锐减而会所剩无几;
请她快走出来,
让自己受到大家的赞赏与喜爱,
不必羞对仰慕。

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