章振邦语法英语句子汉译:否定转移
2020-06-15 16:01阅读:
转移否定
转移否定 (transferred
negation) 指按语义本应出现于从句的否定词
not 被移至主句的现象。
例如:
I think (that) it's
not going to rain today.
(我认为下雨不会在今天。)
I don't
think (that) it's going to rain today
(我不认为下雨会在今天。)
这两句话,意义相同,但其中否定词 not
的位置不同,尽管 not
在从旬中的否定意义较强,却不如转移到主句普通,这种转移现象,在非正式语体中尤为常见
pan >能在主句中作转移否定的动词,按语义可分为两大类。
a) 表示看法(opinion)
的动词
这类动词有 anticipate, believe,
calculate, expect, figure,
imagine,
reckon,
suppose,
think等等。例如:
She doesn't
imagine we have finished
the job yet.
她以为我们还没有完成任务。(cf. 她不以为我们完成了工作。)
We don't believe
that he can do
it. 我们相信他不能做此事。 (cf. 我们不信他能做成这件事。)
I don't suppose
that he will be back
until eight.
我猜想他不会在八点以前回来。(cf. 我不认为他回来会在八点以前。)
We are not
anticipating that there will
be much trouble. 我们估计不会有多少麻烦。(cf.
我们不认为会有好多麻烦。)
I don't expect Tom has
eaten all the
cake. 我料想汤姆没有吃完那块蛋糕.(cf.
我没料想到Tom吃完了那块蛋糕。)
由上述诸例可以看出,转移否定一般出现在含有限定从属分句 (that
分句)的句子中,但有时也可出现在含有非限定分句的句子中
例如:
He didn't expect to go
there tomorrow. 他料想明天不会去那里。 (cf.
他没有料想到去那里的时间会是明天。)
但是,并非所有表示看法的动词或其他结构都能用于转移否定。试观察下列各组句子中
assume, fear, (I)
am afraid 等的用法:
I don't assume
that he came. 我不相信他来了。
I assume that he
didn't come.
我相信他没有来。
She doesn't
fear
that
she may offend the boss.
她不怕得罪老板。
I fear
Parliament won't
pass the bill.
我恐怕议会不会通过这项议案。
I am not afraid
that he will come next
week. 我不怕他下星期来。
I am afraid
that
he will
not come next
week. 我恐怕他下星期不会来。
在上述三组句子中,每组第一句和第二句意义是不同的,因而每组第一句并不是转移否定,类似的动词还presume,
surmise。
b) 表示认知 (perception)
的动词
这类动词有 appear, seem,
feel as if, look as ,
sound as if
例如:
It doesn't seem
that he's telling the
truth. 看来他没有讲真话。(cf. 没看出他会讲真话。)
It doesn't sound
as if they know
what to do. 听上去好像他们不知道该做什么。(cf.
没听见他们会知道该做什么。)
It doesn't look
like it's going to
rain.
看来不会下雨。(cf. 没有迹象表明会下雨。)
最后,还要指出一点,并非所有 'I don't
think+ that-
分句“结构都一定是"否定前移”即转移否定现象
例如:
I don't think Mary will come
tomorrow.
这句话在 think 不受重读的清况下,语义重心自然落在
that 分句上,这时否定范围便包括了 that-
分句,从而在意义上相当于 think
Mary will not
come tomorrow,
只是用 don't think
结构时,语势较弱。
另一方面,如果 think 受重读
,语义 think
上,其否定范围便只限千主句,从而不存在转移否定,整句的意义也就不同了。
比如说:
I don't
'think she
will come tomorrow,
I'know she
will.
我不是认为她明天会来,我知道她会来。