同位语 (apoositive) (这里只讲名词词组的同位语） 是一种后置修饰语，它对与之同位的名词词组提供补充说明，起修饰和描绘作用
1) 名词词组同位语的结构形式
名词词组的同位语通常是由名词词组表示，这种名词词组通常紧跟在与之同位的名词词组，或相当于名词词组 结构）之后。如：
Your brother, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that w
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同位语 (apoositive) (这里只讲名词词组的同位语） 是一种后置修饰语，它对与之同位的名词词组提供补充说明，起修饰和描绘作用
1) 名词词组同位语的结构形式
名词词组的同位语通常是由名词词组表示，这种名词词组通常紧跟在与之同位的名词词组，或相当于名词词组 结构）之后。如：
Your brother, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that w
as offered
Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during the Second World War, died in 1965.
Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends.
但有时也可位于与之同位的名词词组之前。例如：
Streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea, sharks are equipped with an extraordinary
sense of smell.作为流线型的游泳者和猎犬横行海上，鲨鱼具有非凡的嗅觉。
有时为了保持句子结构平衡或者为了加强语势，同位语也可出现在句尾，造成两个同位成分分隔。例如：
Only one problem still remains - the storage of the grain.
Lucy was born in a s mall town of North America, the daughter of a poor and ignorant miner.
He is a wonderful man, that uncle of yours.
名词词组的同位语除由名词词组表示外，也可由反身代词、不定代词或指示代词表示：例如：
My father
My friends all understand me.我的朋友都理解我。
Air, food, water and heat - these are four requirements of all living things.
还可由非限定分句和名词性分句表示：
She liked her job, teaching English.
During all those years the young man had but one aim - to fight for the independence of his
The question who should preside over the meeting has not yet been settled.
The announcement that all flights were cancelled because of bad weather greatly distressed the
名词词组同位语的引导词
名词词组同位语之前有时带有引导词以表示同位成分之间的特殊。比如有些引导词，如 namely
A pronoun is a pro-form, i.e. a form used to refer to a person or a thing.
He studies linguistics, or the science of language.
He is a cutler - that is to say, a man who sells knives and sharp tools.
还有一些引导词，如 for example (e.g.), for instance, such as, say, including 等，系表示举例和列举：
Some animals, for -ample the fox and squirrel， have bushy tails.
Besides English he knows other foreign languages, such as French and German.
还有一些引导词，如 especially, particularly, chiefly, mo tly 等，则表示突出某点：
Most students in our class, particularly David and Chris, are fond of music.
I want very much to read these new novels, especially the one you mentioned.
有时还可用介词 of 作引导词来表示同位关系 例如：
the city of Shanghai= the city, Shanghai
the continent of Asia = the continent, Asia
the month of May= the month, May
the art of painting= the art, painting
名词词组同位语的附加修饰成分
名词词组同位语有时还可附带修饰成分，这种修饰成分并非修饰名词中心词，而是修饰作为同位语的整个名词词组。例如：
Tom, normally a timid boy, jumped into the river and saved the drowning.
Dr. Helfand, formerly director of our hospital, wrote many books on medicine.
Professor Grace, at that time a college student, wrote poems and stories for magazines and
Lucy, in her youth a talented musician, still gives concerts every now and then.
这些修饰成分通常都是一些副词和介词词组，它们如果出现在相应的关系分句中便是状语 例如：
Shanghai, which was once the paradise for
如果把 which- 分句转换为同位语，副词 once 便成了同位语的修饰成分：
Shanghai, once the paradise for
限制性同位语及非限制性同位语
同位语，就它与所说明的同位成分之间的关系来说，分为限制性同位语 (restrictive appositive) 和非限制性同位语 (non-restrictive appositiive)
大多数同位语都是非限制性的，它 相当于非限制性关系分句所起的作用。在这种同位语之前口语有停顿，在文字中用逗号或破 的还带有引导词和附加修饰成分，
限制性同位语和它的同位成分关系紧密，形成一个语义整体，这种同位结构在口语中无停顿，在文字中不用逗号或破折号隔开。例如：
my good friend Mike
Harold the lawyer
the Emperor Charles V
Roberson the singer
the year 1997
Uncle Tom
the number thirteen
Republican leader Fox
另外，与人称代词同位的名词或名词词组都是限制性同位语。例如：
We Chinese are determined to defend our national sovereignty.我们中国人有决心捍卫国家主权。
Nothing is too hard for us Chinese people.
Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during the Second World War, died in 1965.
Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends.
但有时也可位于与之同位的名词词组之前。例如：
Streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea, sharks are equipped with an extraordinary
sense of smell.作为流线型的游泳者和猎犬横行海上，鲨鱼具有非凡的嗅觉。
有时为了保持句子结构平衡或者为了加强语势，同位语也可出现在句尾，造成两个同位成分分隔。例如：
Only one problem still remains - the storage of the grain.
Lucy was born in a s mall town of North America, the daughter of a poor and ignorant miner.
He is a wonderful man, that uncle of yours.
名词词组的同位语除由名词词组表示外，也可由反身代词、不定代词或指示代词表示：例如：
My father
My friends all understand me.我的朋友都理解我。
Air, food, water and heat - these are four requirements of all living things.
还可由非限定分句和名词性分句表示：
She liked her job, teaching English.
During all those years the young man had but one aim - to fight for the independence of his
The question who should preside over the meeting has not yet been settled.
The announcement that all flights were cancelled because of bad weather greatly distressed the
名词词组同位语的引导词
名词词组同位语之前有时带有引导词以表示同位成分之间的特殊。比如有些引导词，如 namely
A pronoun is a pro-form, i.e. a form used to refer to a person or a thing.
He studies linguistics, or the science of language.
He is a cutler - that is to say, a man who sells knives and sharp tools.
还有一些引导词，如 for example (e.g.), for instance, such as, say, including 等，系表示举例和列举：
Some animals, for -ample the fox and squirrel， have bushy tails.
Besides English he knows other foreign languages, such as French and German.
还有一些引导词，如 especially, particularly, chiefly, mo tly 等，则表示突出某点：
Most students in our class, particularly David and Chris, are fond of music.
I want very much to read these new novels, especially the one you mentioned.
有时还可用介词 of 作引导词来表示同位关系 例如：
the city of Shanghai= the city, Shanghai
the continent of Asia = the continent, Asia
the month of May= the month, May
the art of painting= the art, painting
名词词组同位语的附加修饰成分
名词词组同位语有时还可附带修饰成分，这种修饰成分并非修饰名词中心词，而是修饰作为同位语的整个名词词组。例如：
Tom, normally a timid boy, jumped into the river and saved the drowning.
Dr. Helfand, formerly director of our hospital, wrote many books on medicine.
Professor Grace, at that time a college student, wrote poems and stories for magazines and
Lucy, in her youth a talented musician, still gives concerts every now and then.
这些修饰成分通常都是一些副词和介词词组，它们如果出现在相应的关系分句中便是状语 例如：
Shanghai, which was once the paradise for
如果把 which- 分句转换为同位语，副词 once 便成了同位语的修饰成分：
Shanghai, once the paradise for
限制性同位语及非限制性同位语
同位语，就它与所说明的同位成分之间的关系来说，分为限制性同位语 (restrictive appositive) 和非限制性同位语 (non-restrictive appositiive)
大多数同位语都是非限制性的，它 相当于非限制性关系分句所起的作用。在这种同位语之前口语有停顿，在文字中用逗号或破 的还带有引导词和附加修饰成分，
限制性同位语和它的同位成分关系紧密，形成一个语义整体，这种同位结构在口语中无停顿，在文字中不用逗号或破折号隔开。例如：
my good friend Mike
Harold the lawyer
the Emperor Charles V
Roberson the singer
the year 1997
Uncle Tom
the number thirteen
Republican leader Fox
另外，与人称代词同位的名词或名词词组都是限制性同位语。例如：
We Chinese are determined to defend our national sovereignty.我们中国人有决心捍卫国家主权。
Nothing is too hard for us Chinese people.