强调 (emphasis) 是一种修辞手法，可以采用语音手段、词汇手段和语法手段。
39.1 关键词语的重读和重复
1) 关键词语的重读
关键词语的重读往往可以表示对比含义：
This is my bag; that one is yours.
Why do you come today? I
He lived
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强调 (emphasis) 是一种修辞手法，可以采用语音手段、词汇手段和语法手段。
39.1 关键词语的重读和重复
1) 关键词语的重读
关键词语的重读往往可以表示对比含义：
This is my bag; that one is yours.
Why do you come today? I
He lived
in France, not in
I don't have much contact with my family, but I do see my mother occasionally.
一个句子可以通过重读词语的改变而改变意义。
Jane phoned me yesterday. (Not anybody else.)
Jane phoned me yesterday. (She didn't come to see me.)
Jane phoned me yesterday. (She didn't phone you.)
Jane phoned me yesterday. (Not today.)
还可用助动词do 的一定形式表示强调。
You do look nice today.
You should accept the invitation. She does like you.
If he does decide to come, let me know, will you?
I do hope you will quit smoking.
I don't do much exercise now, but I did play a lot of football when I was young.
I thought I'd pass the exam, and I did pass.
You needn't lie to me. You did go to that place and many people saw you there.
此外还可用许多其他词语经过重读表示强调。
When I saw her,
That's a bloody good idea. 那真他妈的是一个好主意。
Why ever did he marry her?
What on earth is he doing here?
Where the hell have you been?
That man is not at all a scholar.
That chap isn't in any way a statesman.
I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.
2)
＂替代”和“省略”都是避免重复的手段，那是就非关键性词语而言。至于关键性词语，有时可以通过重复以取得强调的修辞效果，这就是所谓的“修辞重复' (rhetorical repetition)。修辞重复常见于正式语体，如庄严的演说、正规的论文、激情的对话、及其他幽默流畅的文学语言（literary Language) 修辞重复可以出现在不同层次的语法结构上，比如词的重复：
Still, he sought for fame- fame, that last infirmity of a noble mind.
We are human, and human beings far from perfect. To be human implies we will make
I knew he was going to cause trouble, and cause trouble he did.
We were born in the very same street, in the very same year.
She looks much, much older than she used to.
在文学作品中，关键词的重复常用作实现艺术夸张的手段。所谓“艺术夸张”就是在特定的场合，对特定的词语异乎寻常地多次重复，以达到一种特殊的修辞效果。下列选段是诗人 William H. Davies在其所著 The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp 中的一段记述。这段文字描写作者本人流浪到加拿大的Montreal, 住在一家小客栈。一天晚上，客房没有灯光，隔壁房间的住客敲隔板问他借火柴。他觉得隔壁那人的话音很耳熟，但怎么也想不起来此人到底是谁。他冥思苦想，不能入睡。这一选段就是描写他冥思苦想的过程。
His voice in the dark puzzled me, and I could not for my life locate it. A hundred scenes passed
本段以 His voice 开首，下面引出四个 voice 使前后呼应。在寻找话音主人的想象中，又引出了十二种不同的人，从而使 men 连续重复了十二次，不仅使全段结构紧密，主题突出，还通过文学夸张，充分表现了作者的想象力和幽默感。在汉语的诗歌中，也常用关键词的多次重复以达到凸出主题的修辞效果。例如：
秋花惨淡秋草黄，耿耿秋灯秋夜长．
己觉秋窗秋不尽，那堪风雨助凄凉！
助矛大风雨来何速？惊破秋窗秋梦续。
抱得秋情不忍眠，自向秋屏挑泪烛
泪烛摇摇获短菜，牵愁照恨动离情
谁家牙各院无风入？何处秋窗无币声？
罗衾不奈秋风力，残漏声催秋雨急。
连宵脉脉复超建，灯前似伴离人泣。
寒烟小院转萧条，疏竹虚窗时滴沥。
不知风雨几时休，已教泪洒窗纱湿。
(—曹雪芹《红楼梦》）
这首诗包含5个语段，每段4句，共20句，其中关键词“秋”字重复出现了 15次，使黛玉心中的秋景秋情充满着悲凉。这就是修辞重复在文学语言中的妙用。当然，修辞重复，除了词的重复，还有词组的重复和相同句式的重复等。例如：
Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches
There is no reason for us to be enemies. Neither of us seeks the terr
I don't have much contact with my family, but I do see my mother occasionally.
一个句子可以通过重读词语的改变而改变意义。
Jane phoned me yesterday. (Not anybody else.)
Jane phoned me yesterday. (She didn't come to see me.)
Jane phoned me yesterday. (She didn't phone you.)
Jane phoned me yesterday. (Not today.)
还可用助动词do 的一定形式表示强调。
You do look nice today.
You should accept the invitation. She does like you.
If he does decide to come, let me know, will you?
I do hope you will quit smoking.
I don't do much exercise now, but I did play a lot of football when I was young.
I thought I'd pass the exam, and I did pass.
You needn't lie to me. You did go to that place and many people saw you there.
此外还可用许多其他词语经过重读表示强调。
When I saw her,
That's a bloody good idea. 那真他妈的是一个好主意。
Why ever did he marry her?
What on earth is he doing here?
Where the hell have you been?
That man is not at all a scholar.
That chap isn't in any way a statesman.
I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.
2)
＂替代”和“省略”都是避免重复的手段，那是就非关键性词语而言。至于关键性词语，有时可以通过重复以取得强调的修辞效果，这就是所谓的“修辞重复' (rhetorical repetition)。修辞重复常见于正式语体，如庄严的演说、正规的论文、激情的对话、及其他幽默流畅的文学语言（literary Language) 修辞重复可以出现在不同层次的语法结构上，比如词的重复：
Still, he sought for fame- fame, that last infirmity of a noble mind.
We are human, and human beings far from perfect. To be human implies we will make
I knew he was going to cause trouble, and cause trouble he did.
We were born in the very same street, in the very same year.
She looks much, much older than she used to.
在文学作品中，关键词的重复常用作实现艺术夸张的手段。所谓“艺术夸张”就是在特定的场合，对特定的词语异乎寻常地多次重复，以达到一种特殊的修辞效果。下列选段是诗人 William H. Davies在其所著 The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp 中的一段记述。这段文字描写作者本人流浪到加拿大的Montreal, 住在一家小客栈。一天晚上，客房没有灯光，隔壁房间的住客敲隔板问他借火柴。他觉得隔壁那人的话音很耳熟，但怎么也想不起来此人到底是谁。他冥思苦想，不能入睡。这一选段就是描写他冥思苦想的过程。
His voice in the dark puzzled me, and I could not for my life locate it. A hundred scenes passed
本段以 His voice 开首，下面引出四个 voice 使前后呼应。在寻找话音主人的想象中，又引出了十二种不同的人，从而使 men 连续重复了十二次，不仅使全段结构紧密，主题突出，还通过文学夸张，充分表现了作者的想象力和幽默感。在汉语的诗歌中，也常用关键词的多次重复以达到凸出主题的修辞效果。例如：
秋花惨淡秋草黄，耿耿秋灯秋夜长．
己觉秋窗秋不尽，那堪风雨助凄凉！
助矛大风雨来何速？惊破秋窗秋梦续。
抱得秋情不忍眠，自向秋屏挑泪烛
泪烛摇摇获短菜，牵愁照恨动离情
谁家牙各院无风入？何处秋窗无币声？
罗衾不奈秋风力，残漏声催秋雨急。
连宵脉脉复超建，灯前似伴离人泣。
寒烟小院转萧条，疏竹虚窗时滴沥。
不知风雨几时休，已教泪洒窗纱湿。
(—曹雪芹《红楼梦》）
这首诗包含5个语段，每段4句，共20句，其中关键词“秋”字重复出现了 15次，使黛玉心中的秋景秋情充满着悲凉。这就是修辞重复在文学语言中的妙用。当然，修辞重复，除了词的重复，还有词组的重复和相同句式的重复等。例如：
Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches
There is no reason for us to be enemies. Neither of us seeks the terr