主干修饰成分课堂之——定语
2017-01-11 12:10阅读:
相对于主干来说,修饰成分一般包括3大类:定语,状语和补语。哥今天首先来讲解一下定语。在英文里,只要定语稍长,就会放在所修饰对象的后面,这一点和我们中文不太一致,往往对学生造成障碍。所以可以毫不夸张得说,对英文的学习,有一大半是对后置定语的学习。
哥写的全文一共有3
part,但是头条文章放不下全部内容,这里只发了定语部分,想要包括定语,状语以及补语三部分完整版《主干修饰成分说明》,可以转发本文,哥私信发给你~.~
那么,进入 正题:
1定语
1.1定义
什么是定语?定语的定义非常简单:修饰的对象是名词(这里是广义的名词,包括代词,相当于名词的动名词或者句子等)。这句话包含了两层意思:
1. 在上述各种成分附近要有名词,比如: a woman walking on the street,动词的现在分词walking
on the street附近有名词woman;2.
该名词要与修饰成分在意思上要有联系。比如:walking和前面的名词woman在意思上有联系,可以理解为妇女在走。满足以上两点要求,修饰成分walking
on the street就是a woman的定语。
1.2 定语的成分
什么样的成分可以作定语?可以做定语的成分非常广泛,除了副词和谓语动词不能直接修饰名词作定语,其它的很多成分都可以作定语(见表二)。且定语可前可后,但在英语环境中,尤其是在定语较长的时候,往往放在所修饰的名词后面。这一点和中文有点不太一样,在翻译的时候请尽量保留英语的书写习惯。
表二 可作定语的成分
名词
A [sales] man, a [police] station
形容词
A [beautiful] girl, a book [useful for your future]
动词现在分词
A woman [walking on the street]
动词过去分词
A painting [painted by Picasso]
动词不定式
A way [to solve the problem]
介词短语
[A bottle of] water [on the table]
句子
Is he the man [who wants to see you]?
1.1.3 定语从句
相对于其它的定语成分,真正对同学们产生干扰的最主要的定语成分是定语从句。所谓的定语从句,就是指一个句子作定语,和其它的定语成分没有本质的区别。定语从句在TOEFL
& IELTS里比较容易判断,因为定语从句中往往含有关系代词,who、that、 which、或特殊的关系副词
where、when、why等(详见4.2.1.5)。比如,is he the man who wants to see
you?
在这个句子里,who就是一个关系词。其修饰的可以替代该词的名词man就是所谓的先行词(被定语成分所修饰的名词叫先行词)。再比如,architecture
employs methods that have changed
little,句中that是关系词,所修饰的名词methods是先行词。
例1.
The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space
that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater
sound in modern whales.
【解析】
从前往后读该句,发现了关系词that, 它的附近有名词the enlarged
space,且该名词可以和that互换,即后面这句话和the enlarged
space在意思上有联系,因此后面的句子为定语从句。
【答案】
The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space
[that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving
underwater sound in modern whales].
例2.
The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced
by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by
using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down
the entire region’s water supplies.
【解析】
从前往后读该句,发现了关系词who, 它的附近有名词the farmers,且该名词可以和who互换,即后面这句话和the
farmers在意思上有联系,因此后面的句子为定语从句。再往后读该句,发现了关系词that,
它引导的是同位语从句,(详见5.2.2)。
【答案】
The incentive of the farmers [who wish to conserve water] is
reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are
profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are
drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.
注意:限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。
a. 非限制性定语从句
先行词为专有名词(如David,
Asia)及独一性名词(如father只能有一个),因为专有名词或独一性名词本身就具有特殊性,不必再用定语从句加以限定,所以叫作非限制性定语从句。该关系代词引导的定语从句需要和先行词用逗号隔开。
I met David, who is my classmate.
我碰到了大卫,他是我的同学。
I live in Shanghai, which is a big city.(上海只有一个)
我住在上海,那是个大城市。
Here comes my father, who is a teacher. (亲爸爸只有一个)
我爸爸来了,他是一个老师。
课堂练习1
The explanation may be that the terrestrial planets were once much
larger and richer in these materials but eventually lost them
because of these bodies' relative closeness to the Sun, which meant
that their temperatures were relatively high.
b. 限制性定语从句
先行词一般名词,没有特殊性,可以加定语从句限制,一般可以翻译为“…的”,关系代词前不置逗号。
He is a boy who works hard.
他是一个奴隶工作的男孩。
I like the book which he bought
yesterday.
我喜欢他昨天买的书。
课堂练习1
The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space
that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater
sound in modern whales.
1.4定语成分的处理方法
定语从句之所以难就是因为其比较长,如果直接翻译,可能会造成理解上的障碍。处理方式就是把定语从句改为两个简单句。
例1.
Architecture employs methods that have changed little.
【解析】
可以改为architecture employs methods和methods have changed little
两个简单句即可。在改写从句的时候,把先行词直接替换关系词即可。拆分之后的两句意思其实不改变原文的意思,但是极其便于理解。尤其是在定语从句较长或者有几个定语从句的时候。
例2.
The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space
that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater
sound in modern whales.
【解析】
可以改为The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged
space和the enlarged space is filled with fat or oil and used for
receiving underwater sound in modern whales
两个简单句即可。在改写从句的时候,把先行词直接替换关系词即可。拆分之后的两句意思其实不改变原文的意思,但是极其便于理解。尤其是在定语从句较长或者有几个定语从句的时候。
例3.
Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the
extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this
one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the
time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the
element iridium (Ir) it contained.
【解析】
本句话比较复杂,包含了三个定语从句,并且还有定语从句嵌套定语从句,理解起来比较复杂。And前可以改为Scientists felt
that they could get an idea和how long the extinctions took by
determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of
clay两个句子去理解;And后可以改为they thought they could determine the time,it
took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element
iridium (Ir)和it contained iridium (Ir)三个句子去理解,这样理解会比直接理解容易很多。
2 同位语
2.1 定义
同位语的定义为两个名词或代词,比较靠近,可以作相同的成分,并且第二个名词起到补充解释说明第一个名词的作用。比如,Mr. Smith,
our new teacher, is very kind to us。Mr.Smith和our new
teacher这两个名词都可以做主语,our new teacher补充解释说明Mr. Smith,所以它就是Mr.
Smith的同位语。
在TOEFL &
IELTS考试中,同位语并不是很多。并且,第二个单词往往会带有一个比较长的定语从句来补充解释说明第一个单词。
例1.
They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have
largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac
that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
【解析】
在该句中,the gas-filled sac作the swim bladder的同位语,它们都是名词,并且the
gas-filled sac后有一个后置定语从句来修饰。
【答案】
They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have
largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled
sac[that helps most other fish remain buoyant].
例2.
A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists
think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments
where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case
a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.
【解析】
在该句中,a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments作a
delta的同位语,它们都是名词,并且a fan-shaped network of channels and
sediments后有一个后置定语从句来修饰。
【答案】
A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists
think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and
sediments[where a river once flowed into a larger body of
water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern
highlands].
2.2 同位语从句
同位语难也是主要难在同位语从句上。同位语从句指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句,属于名词性从句(详见3.2)。只不过这些可以跟同位语从句的名词是一些特定的抽象名词,news,idea,fact,suggestion等,例如,I
heard the news that our team had
won。值得注意的是,that连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句。that不能省略,没有具体的意思,不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。
处理方法也如同定语从句的处理方法,但后面的从句成分完整,直接把该句分解为I heard the news和our team had
won两个句子即可。
例1.
The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced
by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by
using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down
the entire region’s water supplies.
【解析】
在该句中,同位语从句that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great
amounts of water作抽象名词their knowledge的同位语。
【答案】
The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced
by their knowledge [that many of their neighbors are profiting by
using great amounts of water], and in the process are drawing down
the entire region’s water supplies.
例2.
The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that
reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a
prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of
nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher
frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by
nest predators.
【解析】
在该句中,同位语从句that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce
their potential for attracting predators作抽象名词The
hypothesis的同位语。
【答案】
The hypothesis [that begging calls have evolved properties that
reduce their potential for attracting predators] yields a
prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of
nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher
frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by
nest predators.
在同位语从句里有一个特殊的语法现象:不像大部分的句子,主要的意思在主干里面。同位语从句的主干往往没有实质性的内容,最关键的信息反而是在从句之中(见3.5.5),这一点要特别注意。
例3:
There is growing evidence in New Zealandthat children from
poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well
developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that
disadvantage.
【解析】
该句主干为There is growing evidence in New
Zealand。但是该句主干给出的意思相对比较少。主要意思在同位语从句that children from poorer
socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well
developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that
disadvantage中,从句中给出的信息更详细,需要特别注意。