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About rhyme --- 浅析诗歌翻译中韵的功能和用法

2013-12-27 21:29阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/2090639723


在诗歌的翻译中, 韵的处理至关重要,它直接决定着一篇译文的成败、好坏，甚而决定译文是否是一首诗。要乡解决韵的处理问题，就要首先对其有一个清晰直白的认识。在查阅了大量有关的社科文献、学术论文后，我们现在可以有个清晰的解释。
There is no doubt that poetry creates more musical effects than any other form of literature. Poets intend to choose particular words for sound effect to reinforce the meaning as well. The musical quality of poetry is largely made by the application of rhyming devices which contain perfect rhyme and imperfect rhyme and alliteration, assonance and consonance.
So what is
perfect rhyme, imperfect rhyme and assonance ?
Perfect rhyme and imperfect rhyme are classified in terms of the composition, perfect rhyme requires the strict conformity with the stressed vowel and all other consonants which immediacy follow.
Imperfect rhymes are rhymes created out of words with similar but not identical sounds. In most of these instances, either the vowel segments are different while the consonants are identical, or vice versa. This type of rhyme is also called approximate rhyme, embryonic, half rhyme, near rhyme, partial rhyme , slant rhyme or suspended rhyme.
牛津词典解释:' correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.'
The Oxford Companion to English Literature:'male or masculine rhymes or endings are those having a final accented syllables, as distinguished from female or feminine rhymes or endings in which the last syllable is unaccented.'
致力于英诗研究的王宝童教授对韵曾有如下说法: In English rhyme must be 'full' in which the final accented vowel and all succeeding consonants or syllables are identical, while the preceding consonants are different. Full rhyme is also called perfect rhyme. From the definition, it can be concluded that the following conditions are required for a rhyme to be full:
First, two word must have identical vowels in stressed syllables;
Second, if any follows these vowels, whether it is a consonant, consonants or unstressed syllables, it must be identical;
Third, but what precedes the stressed vowels must be different. It should be noticed that a perfect rhyme rests or begins on a stress. If there is no identity on the stress, rhyme is out of the question even though the following unstressed syllable or syllables are the same.
Nevertheless, in accordance with the definition of rhyme which requires the final accented vowel and all succeeding consonants to be identical as to make a rhyme, it should be noted that it is easier for Chinese poets to create rhymes in poetry than their counterparts due to the particular characteristic of the Chinese language which suggests that the final syllable of a character is mainly vowel except some nasal consonants.
Assonance is another form of imperfect rhyme, besides alliteration. Assonance semantically means 'likeness of sound,' 'a rough similarity.' Therefore, the definition of assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences. In other words, assonance is the chiming of the chiming of the same or similar vowel sounds, usually in accented syllables or important words and at close intervals, without regard for the consonants. Assonance can be especially noticeable when the vowel sounds are long.
对韵的含义、功能进行了解之后，我们看下面的翻译：
首孝悌，
次见闻，
知某数，
识某文。

一而十，
十而百，
百而千，
千而万。
我的译文： Fulfill piety first
Master knowledge follows
Learn some numbers
Read some articles

One then ten
Hundred after ten
Thousand after hundred
Ten thousand then
赵老师译本：
Stress piety more
Than your lore.
Learn some numeracy,
Know some literacy.

One to ten,
A hundred then,
One thousand more,
Ten thousand afore.
做翻译时对文本进行深度“解剖”，才有可能作出可靠的译文。我的考虑是，作为一篇劝戒性质的文章，要靠拢原文使用祈使语气，另外要尽量传达意义，并慎选词语来使意韵和谐。然而还是知识层次不够， 词汇和有效的表达很欠缺，不能很随心所想，将恰当词句信手拈来。孝悌：孝顺父母和长辈，关心兄弟和姐妹。其次才是增长见识和学识。要掌握一些数学运算，识字读文章。我的翻译每一句都只是简单的传达了意思，但是缺乏韵的安排，另外 第一节后两句意思不够准确。第二节更是缺乏合理的连接词汇，意思表达不够完整，通篇缺乏韵味和美感。与我的相比，赵老师译作堪称上上之作。首先，选词达切，more,lore,numeracy, literacy, ten ,then,more,afore,读起来朗朗上口，numeracy,literacy 非常精准。
第二，连接流畅到位，恰到好处。第一节前两句有效连接。第二节很明晰地表现了数字层级积累的特点。韵的把握需要从全文把握，记在心里，用在笔端，言达意切，意韵和谐，这样的翻译才可称得上上之作。赵老师俨然已经早入此境，颇得其妙。







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