英语国家概况--Political Institution of the US
2012-12-10 13:14阅读：
General
principles
The American Constitution is
the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in
1787 and went into effect in 1789.
1、federalism（联邦制）：放弃独立主权，组成一个国家
1.not a
confederation（多国，多主权）
2.not a unitary
government (泛指国家团体之间的联盟)
3. authority
is divided between two or more distinct levels o
f government
two layers of rule—central
or federal government, state and local
governments.
2、a
vigorous executive:1787—revised the Article of
Confederation(联邦法案)—new constitution
3、a
supreme national court(instrument)
4、balance and checks: The government is divided into three
branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each
branch has part of the powers but not all the power.Each branch
check the power of others to make sure that the power is
banance.
5、multual respect between national government and
states,leadership and people(right,primacy)
6、a
mixed government
The seperation of
powers
Branches
|
difference
|
member
|
qulitify
|
Election number
|
Election year
|
term
|
represent
|
power
|
Legislative
(congress)
|
The house
|
435
|
at least 25, citizens for 7
years
|
Each state population
|
2-year
|
2-year
|
The population of “congressional
districts”
|
a.
make
laws
b.
tax and money-spending
c.
foreign treaties
d.
set rules for naturalisation of foreign
citizens
|
The senate
|
100
|
at least 30 , citizens at least 9
years
|
a.2 from each state
b.1/3
re-elected
|
6-year
|
People and their interests in a
state
|
Executive
|
president
|
|
a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of
age
|
|
4-year
|
4-year
No more than
8-year
|
The whole country
|
a.
commander-in-chief
b.
proposes politics(approved by
congress)
c.
appoints high officals
|
Judicial
|
The supreme court
|
A chief justice and eight associate
justices
|
Nominated by president(approved by the
senate)
|
Nominated by president(approved by the
senate)
|
|
life
|
|
a.
power of
judicial review
b.
two cases: those involving foreign
dignitaries, and those to which a state in a
party.
|
power of judicial
review
the right to declare laws and
actions of the federal,states,and local government
unconstitutional.
a two-party
system.
the Democrats and the
Republicans.
There have been four periods in
the history of political parties in American: 1. the Federalists vs. the Anti-Federalists( in the last years of the 18th
century when the debate over the ratification of the Constitution
gave rise to the beginnings of the first two major parties or
camps-the Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton, and the
Anti-Federalists. The Federalists represented north-eastern
commercial, banking and trade interests, and advocated a strong
central government while the Anti-Federalists stood for the
interests of farmers, laborers and people with little property and
wanted limited federal government power and more state
power.)
2. the
Democratic Party vs. the Whig Party After the 1828 election of Andew Jackson, the
Democratic-Republican Party split. As the struggle over slavery
intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats,
and other antislavery elements founded in 1854 the Republican Party
on the common platform of opposition to the extension of slavery to
the new states.
3.the
Republican Party vs. the Democratic Party
（1860s-1920s）The third phase of the two-party system ran from
the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the
political scene for most of the
time.
4. the
Republican Party vs. the Democratic Party
（1930s-1980s）The fourth period began with Franklin D.
Roosevelt's coming into power and lasted till the 1980s. In this
period, the Democratic Party was
dominant.
主张：the Democrats traditionally favor government
intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market
more.
the Democrats support a strong social security system while the
Republicans oppose large governmental social security
programs.
选民资格：an America citizen,18 years of age or
over
The reasons for those who don’t
vote
a.
they must register,there are 50 different
registrationlaws.
b.
There are many more elections
“winner-take-all”（赢者通吃） system: the presidential candidate with the highest number of
votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of that state;
except Maine
Electoral College （选举人团）: the electors of 50 states and the
District of Columbia comprise what is known as the Electoral
College; the number of presidential electors is equal to the
number of Senators and Representatives each state has in
Congress, a total of 538 persons.
