[转载]剑九阅读解析-T1R3
2013-12-12 08:07阅读：
剑九T1R3
You should spend about 20
minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.
The history of the
tortoise
1
起源-海，植物最早
If you go back far enough,
everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising
individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the
land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own
private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In
addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see
all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water
include scorpions, sn
ails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and
centipedes, spiders and various worms.
And we mustn’t forget the
plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other
migrations could have happened.
2
迁徙条件，与鲸鱼等不同
Moving from water to land
involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including
breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals
later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial
re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone
part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been
like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs.
Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs,
with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures
altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote
ancestors. They don’t even come ashore to breed. They do, however,
still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to
the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to
the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrae returnees to
the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect,
less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for
turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.
3
祖先比多数恐龙早，量骨
There is evidence that all
modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which
lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys
quenstedti and Palaeochesis talampayensis dating from
early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of
all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell
whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially in
only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were
reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and
streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely
lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less
obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their
forelimbs.
4
三种量骨，几个步骤
Walter Joyce and Jacques
Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these
particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and
tortoises. They used
a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements
against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight
cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water
turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There
was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time
both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species
show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the
‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land
tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell.
The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave
us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of
the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They
come from the era before our turtles returned to the
water.
5
并未留在陆地，祖先回海又回陆地
You might think, therefore,
that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since
those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of
them went back to the sea. But apparently not.
If you draw out the family tree
of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are
aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply
nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests
that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously
since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis.
Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the
water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in (relatively)
more recent times.
6
陆海双向迁徙代表
Tortoises therefore
represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds,
their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various
more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea,
to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed
there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still
evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally
they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now
live in the driest of deserts.
Question 27-30
简答
Answer the questions
below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes
27-30 on your answer sheet.
27
What had
to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?
plants
And we mustn’t forget the
plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the
other migrations could have happened.
28
Which
TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to
make changes as they moved onto land? breathing
reproduction 要求俩字，写and就错
Moving from water to land
involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including
breathing and reproduction.
29
Which
physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?
gills
They don’t even come ashore
to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never
developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier
marine incarnation.
30
Which
animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?
dolphins
Ichthyosaurs
were reptilian contemporaries
of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils
look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in
the water.
Question 31-33
判断
Do the following statements
agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 31-33 on your
answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the
statement is true according to the passage
FALSE
if the statement is
false according to the passage
NOT GIVEN
if the information is not given in the
passage
31
Turtles
were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.
NOT GIVEN
定位回原文第二段，无此说明，反过来也没有说明，所以NG
32
It is
always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its
fossilized remains are incomplete. FALSE
You might wonder how we can
tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially
in only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s
obvious.
33
The
habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance
of their fossilized remains. TRUE
Ichthyosaurs were reptilian
contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies.
The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins,
in the water.
Question
34-39图表填空
Complete the flow-chart
below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes
34-39 on your answer sheet.
Method of determining where
the ancestors of
turtles and tortoises come
from
Step 1
71 species of living turtles
and tortoises were examined and a total of 34
were taken from the
bones of their forelimbs.
|
↓
Step 2
The data was recorded on a 35
(necessary
for comparing the information).
Outcome: Land tortoises were
represented by a dense 36
of points towards the top.
Sea turtles were grouped
together in the bottom part.
|
↓
Step 3
The same data was collected
from some living 37
species and added to the other results.
Outcome: the points for these
species turned out to be positioned about 38
up the triangle
between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.
|
↓
Step 4
Bones of P. quenstedti and P.
talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results
added.
Outcome: The position of the
points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 39
|
俩字和/或1数字，不看题必死
71 species of living turtles
and tortoises were examined and a total of 34
were taken from the
bones of their forelimbs.
three measurements
Walter Joyce and Jacques
Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in
these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and
tortoises.
The data was recorded on a 35
(necessary
for comparing the information).
triangular
graph
They used a kind of
triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against
one another.
Outcome: Land tortoises were
represented by a dense 36
of points towards the top.
cluster
All the land tortoise
species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part
of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of
the triangular graph.
The same data was collected
from some living 37
species and added to the other results.
amphibious
Outcome: the points for these
species turned out to be positioned about 38
up the triangle
between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.
half way
There was no overlap, except
when they added some species that spend time both in water and on
land. Sure enough, theseamphibious species show up on the
triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet
cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land
tortoises.
Bones of P. quenstedti and P.
talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results
added.
Outcome: The position of the
points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 39
dry-land
tortoises
The bones of P. quenstedti
and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the
graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils
were dry-land tortoises.
Question
40四选一
Choose the correct letter,
A,B,C or D.
Write the correct letter in
box 40 on your answer sheet.
According to the writer, the
most significant thing about tortoises is that
D
A they are able to adapt to life in
extremely dry environments.
仅一句提到，排除
B their original life form was a kind of
primeval bacteria. 通篇讲双向迁徙，脑残排除
C they have so much in common with sea
turtles. 通篇讲双向迁徙，脑残排除
D they have made the transition from the sea
to land more than once.
P:Tortoises therefore
represent a remarkable double return.
