不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别
2013-04-14 16:30阅读：
摘要：不定式中，用主动式还是被动式？一直是同学们学习语法的难点。本文将从逻辑及语义理据出发，对不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别进行探究。
关键词：不定式作定语的主动式与被动式；特定句型用法；语义理据
不定式是非谓语动词的重要情形之一。由于它具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的多种特征，所以在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、同位语或独立成分。不定式作定语时兼有主动式和被动式两种形式，用主动式还是被动式？这往往是不少同学感到棘手的问题。现归纳如下，供同学们学习时参考。
1.不定式作定语只能用主动式的情形
1.1不定式所修饰的名词和不定式中的动词所表示的动作是逻辑上的主谓关系（此时，该不定式短语可转化为一个定语从句）。例如：
Li Xuemei was the first athlete
to get to the finishing line（＝．．．athlete who got to the finishing
line）．李雪梅是第一个到达终点的选手。
We need someone to help to repair the
computer（＝．．．someone who
will help to repair the
computer）．我们需要一个能帮助我们修电脑的人。
He is always the first to bear
hardships（＝．．．the
first who will bear hardships），the last to enjoy comforts（＝the last who will enjoy
comforts）．
他总是一个吃苦在前，享乐在后的人。
1.2不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。例如：
He has a lot of work to do
today．今天他有大量的活要干。
Do you have anything more to
say？你还有什么话要说吗？
Our teacher arranged us six
exercises to do at home．老师给我们安排了六道练习题在家里做。（us是to do的逻辑主语）
Father always bought his son
some toys to play with after his
business．父亲每次出差回来都给他的儿子买玩具玩儿。（son是to
play with的逻辑主语）
1.3有些句子中，尽管行文上没有不定式的逻辑主语，但是从句意角度可以体会出不定式中隐含着“for sb．to do”结构。此时，不定式应该用主动式。例如：
There is
nothing（for
us） to worry
about．没有什么可值得担忧的。
That will be the only
thing（for
us）to do
now．这恐怕是目前（我们）唯一可行的办法。
It is a good
opportunity（for
us ／them）to learn
from the farmers．这可是一个向农民学习的大好机会。
1.4部分形容词，如eager，anxious，determined，able等，其后常跟不定式，他们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。例如：
（Mr．Smith was eager to get back to teach at
the school．）
Mr．Smith's eagerness to get back to teach at
the school was quite
obvious．史密斯先生急于回校教学这一点是显而易见的。
（He was anxious to know
the results of the test．）
We could see his anxiety to
know the results of the
test．我们看得出他很想知道这次测验的结果。
（They were determined to
catch up withus．）
In their speech they expressed
their determination to catch up with
us．他们在讲话中表达了他们要赶上我们的决心。
1.5部分动词，如attempt，promise，plan， intend，refuse等，其后常跟不定式作其宾语，它们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。例如：
（They attempted to reach
there before five o'clock．）
They failed in their attempt to
reach there before five
o'clock．他们试图在五点以前赶到那里，但是没有办到。
（You promised to give me
a present on my birthday．）
You haven't kept your promise
to give me a present on my
birthday．你没有遵守在我过生日时给我礼物的诺言。
（They are planning to be
in business on National Day．）
I guess they will make some
changes in their plan to be in business on National
Day．我猜他们在国庆节开始营业的计划得做些变动了。
1.6在“with ／without ＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，若宾语补足语是不定式（作定语），不定式所表示的动作将要发生，且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者，此时不定式须用主动式。例如：
With a lot of difficult
problems ___________ ， the newly-elected president is having a hard
time．（2002上海高考）
A．settled B．settling C．to settle D．being settled
With several meetings to
attend，he couldn't
go to the Great Wall with
us．由于有几次会议要参加，所以他不能和我们一起去长城了。
Without two members to
come，we'd better
not start the meeting．还有两位成员未到，我们最好先别开始开会。
Without anything to
do，he turned off
the lights and went to bed．已无事可做，所以他关灯睡觉了。
在大多数情况下,不定式的主动式表示主动意义,被动式表示被动意义。
A man apt to promise is apt to
forget. 易于许诺的人也易于忘记。
Mr. Johnson
preferred_________heavier work to do.
A） to be given B）
to be giving
C） to have given
D） having
given
（ A
）约翰逊先生宁愿被分派更重的活。
It is not
unusual for workers in that region__________.
A） to be paid more than a month late
B） to be paid
later than more a month
C） to pay later than a month more
D） to pay later more than a month
( A
)那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事。
The Bunsen burner is so named
because it is thought to have been invented by Robert
Burnsen，who was
German by birth.
本生灯的命名,人们认为是因为它是德国人罗伯特·本生发明的。
2.
不定式作定语只能用被动式的情形
2.1为了表达需要，强调不定式动作的执行者时，须用被动式，常用by结构引导。例如：
2008 Olympic Games is the first
great Olympic Games to be held by
Chinese．
2008年奥运会是中国人首次举办的奥运盛会。
2.2不定式所修饰的名词是将要被做的事情时，不定式须用被动式。例如：
The problem to be discussed at
the next meeting is of great
importance．下次会议上将要讨论的这个问题至关重要。
The building to be built next
year will be used as the office
building．明年要建设的大楼将用作办公楼。
3.
不定式的主动式表示被动意义,用在一些特定的句型里:
3.1“形容词+to不定式”
“形容词+to不定式”作表语,to不定式或与句子的主语存在多种逻辑关系,其中之一是动宾关系。这时不定式或是及物动词,却不再带宾语;或是不及物动词之后需要介词(这时句子的主语成了介词的逻辑宾语)。例:
Soapy's requirements were not
difficult to meet .索比的要求不难满足。
(cf : It was not difficult to
meet Soapy's requirements.)
我们一般不说
