e signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of
the system of administration.（Times）
It is becoming clear that the administrative system
must be modified.
行政系统需要改革，这一点已经越来越清楚了。
e.g. There seems to have been an absence of attempt at conciliation
between rival
sects. (Daily Telegraph)
The rival sects seem never even to have tried
mutual conciliation.
对立的派别似乎从未试图谋求和解。
2.
Visualization
e.g. utterly quiet鸦雀无声
e.g. In 1966 the North Korean team
made it to the quarter
finals.
译：1966年，北朝鲜队成功地踢进了四分之一决赛。
perfect harmony
|
水乳交融
|
careful consideration
|
深思熟虑
|
total exhaustion
|
精疲力竭
|
impudence
|
厚颜无耻
|
ardent loyalty
|
赤胆忠心
|
feed on fancies
|
画饼充饥
|
offend public decency
|
伤风败俗
|
make a little construction
|
添砖加瓦
|
await with great anxiety
|
望穿秋水
|
disintegration
|
土崩瓦解
|
lack of perseverance
|
三天打鱼，两天晒网
|
B.
Static（静）vs. Dynamic（动）
Examples:
1) 名词化（Nominalization）
Comparison:
a)
The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient
uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very
speedily.
The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful
examination of the patient brought about his speedy recovery.
医生迅速赶到，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。
b)
Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they
violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human
rights in their own country.
The abuse of basic human
rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached
at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people
everywhere.
他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内践踏基本人权，因此受到各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。
e.g. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student;
with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for
the tavern.
他头脑灵活，讨人喜欢/很好相处，可是学习不用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒馆喝点小酒。
2) 介词充斥(prepositionitis)
e.g. He has someone behind him.
Someone supports him.
e.g. With these words she went away.
After saying these, she went away.
e.g. He is at his books.
He is reading his books.
II.
Thinking Style
and Syntax
A.
形合与意合
(Hypotactic vs. Paratactic)
形合（Hypotactic）
句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。
The dependent or subordinate
construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. (The
American Heritage Dictionary)
e.g. I shall despair if you
don’t come.
意合 （Paratactic）
词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
The arranging of clauses one after
the other without connectives showing the relation between them.
(The World Book Dictionary)
e.g.大雨倾盆，河水泛滥，冲毁了很多民房。
英语造句多用各种形式手段连接，注重显性接应（overt
cohesion），重形式，重结构。相对汉语而言其连接手段和形式不仅数量大，种类多，而且使用频率极高。
e.g.
The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to
urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.
现如今车辆横冲直撞，严重威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
B.
Impersonal vs. Personal
It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the
library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind
themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and
bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue
books will in the future be strictly enforced.
近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生切记图书借还规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。
1.
Inanimate noun (无灵名词) as subject
e.g. Excitement deprived me of all power of
utterance.
我激动得什么话也说不出。
e.g. The thick carpet killed the sound of
my footsteps.
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声响都没有。
2.
Preparatory word: it
e.g.
It hurts! (“it”: unspecified word 虚义词)
——好疼！
e.g. It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.
我从未想到她会这么不老实。
3.
Passive voice (hidden agent/doer)
e.g. The resistance can be determined provided that
the
voltage and current are known.
只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。
C.
Subject-Prominent（主语句）vs. Topic-Prominent（主题句）
Examples:
1)
She showered us with telegrams.
译：
她的电报纷至沓来。
2) There was something original, independent, and heroic about the
plan that pleased all of them.
译：
这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很满意。
3)
Bright colors and bold strokes characterize his early
painting.
译：
他的早期绘画色彩明亮、笔触大胆。
Contrast between English and Chinese (2)
◇Teaching Contents:
I.
Comment on the homework
II.
Lexical
Differences
英汉词类系统比较
英语
|
汉语
|
词类名称
|
作用
|
词类名称
|
作用
|
Nouns
|
表示人或事物名称
|
名词
|
表示人或事物名称
|
Verbs
|
表示动作或状态
|
动词
|
表示动作、行为、发展变化
|
Adjectives
|
表示人或事物的性质与特性
|
形容词
|
表示人或事物的性质状态
|
Adverbs
|
用来修饰动词、形容词
表示动作状态的特征或程度
|
副词
|
用来修饰限制动词、形容词、表示程度、时间、频率
|
Pronoun
|
代替名词、数词
|
代词
|
代替一切实词或表指代作用
|
Prepositions
|
用在名、代词后面组成介词短语，说明它与别的词之间的关系
|
介词
|
用在名、代词之后，组成介词结构，表示处所、时间、方向、方式等
|
Conjunctions
|
连接词、短语或句子
|
连词
|
连接词、词组或句子
|
Interjections
|
表示说话的感情或语气
|
感叹词
|
表示感叹或呼唤应答的词
|
Articles
|
用在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义
|
冠词
|
（汉语无冠词）
|
|
|
语气词
|
表示各种语气
|
|
|
量词
|
表示事物和动作的单位
|
A.
Word
order
1.
Attributive modifiers
英语句中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面，短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面。汉语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前面。
Examples:
1) something
important 重要的事
2)
the ancient Chinese poet中国古代诗人
3)
a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven
beggar一个身材瘦小的叫化子，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，胡子拉渣的，还瘸着腿
4) a candidate
with little chance of success
一个当选希望极微的候选人
2.
Adverbial modifiers
英语状语可前可后。汉语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面。
Examples:
1) to develop rapidly迅速发展；extremely fast快极了/ 极快
2)
With a bag of books we walked across the garden
in the
gray light of the dawn. 我们提着一袋书，在晨曦中穿过了花园。
3) He was quick to use self-deprecating humor
to throw anyone
off the scent.
为了迷惑别人，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。
4) He was born
in Rome on May 27, 1980.
他是1980年5月27日在罗马出生的。/ 他于1980年5月27日出生于罗马。
III.
Syntactic Differences
A.
Transformation of sentence structure
1.
Simple Sentence →Complex Sentence
e.g. His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at
the tuition-free College of the City of New York.
由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
2.
Complex Sentence →Simple Sentence
e.g. That he will come to the discussion is certain.
他肯定会来参加讨论的。
e.g. He doesn’t know what life means to him. 他不知道人生的意义。
3.
Complex Sentence →Complex Sentence
e.g. Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy
reinforcement troops came up. 我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。
e.g. This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their
wives and families out here to live.
这地方实在漂亮，（所以）许多人都带着家小搬来居住。
4.
Inverted Order →Natural Order
e.g. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in
reality.
当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。
5.
Passive Voice →Active Voice
e.g. He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。
e.g. I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper.
有人告诉我不要相信报纸上读到的消息。
B.
Sentence
order
1.
Time order
e.g.
He had flown in just the day before from Georgia
where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun
after the completion of the construction job he had been
engaged in in the South.
译：他本来在南部从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。
2.
Logic order
a.
Cause-result order
e.g. He had to stay at home yesterday
owing to the bad
weather.
b.
Condition –result order
e.g. She will play the piano
only if she is paid.
只有付给她报酬，她才愿意演奏钢琴。
